Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.10, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # War Prevention Initiative peacebuilding to resolve global conflicts ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Blog](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/blog/) - Keep up to Date Sign up for our newsletter, and never miss an opportunity to learn about our research, analysis, and events. - [War Prevention Statement on Venezuela](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2026/war-prevention-statement-on-venezuela/) - For Immediate Release: January 7, 2026 PORTLAND, OR – The War Prevention Initiative condemns the U.S. military attack on Venezuela and the violent abduction of President Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores. This was a criminal act of war against a sovereign nation that violates U.S. and international law, threatens the lives of everyday people around - [Launch Event on Nonviolent Approaches to Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/launch-event-on-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/) - We are happy to announce the September 29, 2022 launch event for the Special Issue collaboration of our Peace Science Digest together with Nonviolent Peaceforce What Do Safety & Security Mean to You?Nonviolent Approaches to Security: Perspectives from Communities Around the World* * * Sign up here: https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwuduyvrjwrHNHRpAVGMSiuepOCc67buhki Sep 29, 2022 09:00 AM in Central Time - [Essay ‘Un-Contest’ on Peaceful Elections](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/peaceful-elections/) - The War Prevention Initiative (WPI) is seeking submissions for an essay “un-contest” on peaceful elections. - [Perspectives on Feminist Foreign Policy: Revealing New Narratives, Challenging The Status Quo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/perspectives-on-feminist-foreign-policy-revealing-new-narratives-challenging-the-status-quo/) - Read our summary report of our feminist foreign policy essay "un-contest" where we published 11 essays from emerging thought leaders around the world. - [WPI Statement on Threats of Genocide Against Iran, Announcement of Ceasefire   ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2026/war-prevention-initiative-statement-on-us-attacks-on-iran/) - The War Prevention Initiative is cautiously optimistic about the announcement of a ceasefire between the U.S. and Iran, brokered by Pakistan. Repeatedly, diplomacy and peacebuilding prove to be the most effective and strategic approach to resolving violent conflict. More work must be done to reverse escalating militarism and walk the world away from the already disastrous war. The announcement of a ceasefire does not forgive President Trump’s monstrous threats of genocide - [We Grieve, and Remain Steadfast in our Opposition to Militarism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2026/we-grieve-and-remain-steadfast-in-our-opposition-to-militarism/) - We grieve the murders of Alex Pretti and Renee Good by ICE agents in Minneapolis. Their deaths are well-documented evidence of the cruelty of this political moment. In the first few weeks of 2026, several others have died directly or following arrest, detention, deportation, or imprisonment: Keith Porter, Parady La, Heber Sanchez Domínguez, Victor Manuel - [Politics of Violence Puts Us All in Extreme Danger ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2025/politics-of-extreme-violence-puts-us-all-in-extreme-danger/) - A nonviolent response is the only way forward The politics of violence is pervasive and corrosive, stretching from the Middle East to the streets of Los Angeles. The reckless and unnecessary military attacks by Israel’s Netanyahu government on Iran, the ongoing genocide in Gaza, the deployment of U.S. National Guard troops and Marines to silence - [How to be a Peace President](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2025/how-to-be-a-peace-president/) - by Kelsey Coolidge At his inauguration in January, President Trump suggested that his greatest legacy will be that of a peacemaker and uniter. Many Americans voted for the President because they believed he would end U.S. involvement in foreign wars. Exit polls show that foreign policy issues like the wars in Gaza and Ukraine influenced - [Selected Essays Announced in Peaceful Elections Essay “Un-Contest”  ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/selected-essays-announced-in-peaceful-elections-essay-un-contest/) - We at the War Prevention Initiative (WPI) are pleased to announce that four essays on peaceful elections have been selected for publication. In June 2024, we launched a call for essays on peaceful elections. In anticipation of a contentious national election period in the United States, we were interested in exploring how we can ensure - [Navigating the War on Gaza - Executive Summary](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/navigating-the-war-on-gaza-executive-summary/) - Navigating the War on Gaza: Executive Summary - [Selected Essays Announced in Feminist Foreign Policy Essay “Un-Contest”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/selected-essays-announced-in-feminist-foreign-policy-essay-un-contest/) - The War Prevention Initiative is pleased to announce 11 essays on feminist foreign policy selected for publication. - [Gaza and Israel: A Violent Year and the Urgent Need to Stop the Killing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/gaza-and-israel-a-violent-year-and-the-urgent-need-to-stop-the-killing/) - Introduction We mark a somber milestone: one year has passed since the onset of the relentless violence in Gaza, leading to unimaginable death and suffering. We are thinking about all Israelis and Palestinians whose lives and communities were shattered by the events of last year. A ceasefire is about saving lives; every minute that passes - [Urgent Call to Stop the Bombing and Invasion of Lebanon; Immediate Ceasefire in Gaza ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/urgent-call-to-stop-the-bombing-of-lebanon-immediate-ceasefire-in-gaza/) - For Immediate Release: September 30, 2024 PORTLAND, OR – In response to the violent assault on Lebanon and the ongoing war in Gaza by the Israeli government, the War Prevention Initiative urgently calls on the Biden administration to use its influence to prevent a full-scale war between Israel and Lebanon and to achieve a ceasefire - [War Prevention Initiative Condemns Political Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/war-prevention-initiative-condemns-political-violence/) - For immediate release July 14, 2024 PORTLAND, OR - The War Prevention Initiative strongly condemns political violence. The assassination attempt that killed one spectator and caused critical injuries to others at a Trump rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, is unacceptable. Violence does not solve political disputes or contribute to a stronger democracy. Only by showing compassion - [Navigating the War on Gaza](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/navigating-the-war-on-gaza/) - The surge in violence in Israel and Palestine has deeply unsettled and horrified us. In moments of acute crisis, it is difficult to meaningfully respond in a way that rejects a militarized approach and affirms the dignity and humanity of those most affected by violence. - [A Tribute to Johan Galtung ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2024/a-tribute-to-johan-galtung/) - We are saddened by the news of Johan Galtung's passing. As "a founding father of peace studies," Galtung has made unparalleled contributions to peace and conflict research and has left an unforgettable mark on generations of scholars and practitioners. - [Navigating the War on Gaza: Long Summary](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/navigating-the-war-on-gaza-long-summary/) - Navigating the War on Gaza: Long Summary - [Ensayo ‘Un-contest’ sobre una política exterior feminista](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/ensayo-un-contest-sobre-una-politica-exterior-feminista/) - [Ya no estamos aceptando envíos. Gracias por todos los que han contribuido.] War Prevention Initiative (WPI, por sus siglas en inglés) está buscando presentaciones para un ensayo "un-contest" sobre una política exterior feminista. En War Prevention Initiative, centramos nuestro análisis en el desafío al militarismo y la suposición de que el uso de la violencia, - [War Prevention Initiative Calls for Immediate Ceasefire in Gaza](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/war-prevention-initiative-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire-in-gaza/) - PORTLAND, OR - The current escalation of violence in Israel and Palestine has deeply unsettled and appalled us. In times of acute crisis, meaningfully responding in a manner that rejects a militarized approach while affirming the dignity and humanity of those most affected by violence poses a significant challenge. Although our primary focus lies outside - [Happy New Year from the War Prevention Initiative!](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/happy-new-year-from-the-war-prevention-initiative/) - Dear Friends, The beginning of a new year is reserved as a time for reflection—taking stock of the past year and imagining the possibilities for the future. We are guided by our vision of a more just and peaceful future even when world events challenge our core principles. The war in Ukraine, now in its - [Statement on Unfolding Events in Iran (2022-2023)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/statement-on-unfolding-events-in-iran-2022-2023/) - We stand in solidarity with the courageous women-led struggle in Iran for self-determination and against injustices and repression. We strongly condemn the cruel and unjust privacy violations, detentions, torture, trials, and public executions by the Iranian government. - [War Prevention Initiative: Doomsday Clock shows the world closer to nuclear war - the time for denuclearization is now.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/war-prevention-initiative-doomsday-clock-shows-the-world-closer-to-nuclear-war-the-time-for-denuclearization-is-now/) - War Prevention Initiative: Doomsday Clock shows the world closer to nuclear war - the time for denuclearization is now. - [War Prevention Initiative: Recent police killings in the United States show that authentic security emerges from peacebuilding, not militarization.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/war-prevention-initiative-recent-police-killings-in-the-united-states-show-that-authentic-security-emerges-from-peacebuilding-not-militarization/) - We are outraged by recent police killings in the United States, through continued prevalence of militarized security and the disproportionate harm it inflicts on BIPOC. - [New Partnership between Wissenschaft und Frieden and the Peace Science Digest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/new-partnership-between-wissenschaft-und-frieden-and-the-peace-science-digest/) - War Prevention Initiative–Wissenschaft und Frieden (W&F) and the Peace Science Digest announce a new partnership for 2023. - [War Prevention Initiative: Sending Cluster Bombs to Ukraine Is a Grave Mistake ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/war-prevention-initiative-sending-cluster-bombs-to-ukraine-is-a-grave-mistake/) - The War Prevention Initiative condemns the decision by the United States government to send cluster bombs to Ukraine in the latest arms shipment package. Cluster bombs kill and maim civilians indiscriminately during and after war. - [War Prevention Initiative Statement on the May 2021 Violence in Palestine and Israel](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/ip2021_statement/) - May 27, 2021 PORTLAND, OR - The renewed violent escalation in the conflict between Israel and Palestine painfully reminds us to challenge militarism as the underlying driving force for repeated and ongoing political violence. Viewing this conflict from a position of feminist curiosity, the War Prevention Initiative (WPI) refuses to take for granted the current social and - [Viewpoint: Is Military Aid Really the Best Way to Help Ukraine?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/viewpoint-is-military-aid-really-the-best-way-to-help-ukraine/) - Please read this timely commentary co-authored by WPI's Peace Science Digest Senior Editor Molly Wallace in Political Violence@ A Glance. The authors ask to "turn the spotlight onto those Ukrainians who—despite the loud calls for military weaponry—have been steadily engaged in various forms of nonviolent resistance and defense since the invasion. Their actions deserve more - [Essay 'Un-contest' on a Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/ffp-uncontest/) - The War Prevention Initiative (WPI) is seeking submissions for an essay un-contest on a feminist foreign policy. We want to challenge ourselves and potential contributors to ask: What does your feminist foreign policy look like? - [2022 Year in Review](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2023/2022-year-in-review/) - Happy New Year! 2022 was seventh year for the Peace Science Digest. We continued to broaden the scope of academic research featured in the Digest, while focusing on academic material that explores militarism and other systems of oppression. We were very happy to renew the Digest branding by more strongly aligning it with the War - [Peace Briefing: Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/peace-briefing-nuclear-weapons/) - No amount of nuclear weaponry can provide security. Eliminating weapons of mass destruction is not an impossible task, but a necessary one. Until we actively work towards this goal, nuclear weapons-holding nations continue the tradition of sacrificing human and planetary well-being for the power of destruction. - [Peace Briefing: Do No Harm in Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/peace-briefing-do-no-harm/) - Do No Harm dictates that peace actors have "a minimum obligation [that] any action or intervention in and on conflict" should seek to "avoid or mitigate negative impacts." - [Peace Briefing: Conflict Dynamics & Conflict Resolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/peace-briefing-conflict-dynamics-conflict-resolution/) - This briefing sheet outlines conflict dynamics and conflict resolution as described by Ramsbotham, Miall, and Woodhouse (2011) in their book Contemporary conflict resolution: the prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts. “A schematic lifecycle of conflict sees a progression from peaceful social change, to conflict formation, to violent conflict, and then to conflict transformation and - [Peace Briefing: Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/peace-briefing-feminist-foreign-policy/) - A political framework “centred around the wellbeing of marginalised people and invokes processes of self-reflection regarding foreign policy’s hierarchical global systems” - [A New Look for the War Prevention Initiative](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/a-new-look-for-the-war-prevention-initiative/) - To our community: After more than a decade of working toward our vision, it become clear to us that our organic organizational growth and strategic planning took place without considering our visual identity. To address this, we took steps to reimagine our outward face by creating a new website and logo. As you can see - [War Prevention Initiative: “Nonviolent alternatives must be pursued in Ukraine to deescalate war.”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/war-prevention-initiative-nonviolent-alternatives-must-be-pursued-in-ukraine-to-deescalate-war/) - February 25, 2022; Contact: Kelsey Coolidge; kelsey@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “Nonviolent alternatives must be pursued in Ukraine to deescalate war.” PORTLAND, OR The War Prevention Initiative is deeply distraught and condemns the Russian military invasion of Ukraine. This situation is complex, evolving, and much is still unknown. We echo the sentiment of our friends and - [Diplomacy and De-escalation is the Real Solution to Solve the Ukrainian Crisis](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/war-prevention-initiative-diplomacy-and-de-escalation-is-the-real-deal/) - February 20, 2022; Contact: Patrick Hiller; patrick@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “Diplomacy and De-escalation is the Real Solution to Solve the Ukrainian Crisis” PORTLAND, OR The Russian military buildup and maneuvers around Ukraine and the simultaneous U.S. and NATO militarized responses by sending troops and military hardware to the region are worrisome. The possibility of war - [Happy New Year from the War Prevention Initiative and Peace Science Digest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2022/happy-new-year-2022/) - January 3, 2022 Dear Friends,A little over ten years ago, we set out on an experiment to advance our bold peace agenda guided by a vision to prevent all war. Our strategy to shift the world collectively from war to peace are met by profound challenges posed by overwhelmingly militaristic and racists approaches in U.S. foreign - [“There is no military solution.” Time to get real about it.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/there-is-no-military-solution-time-to-get-real-about-it/) - by Patrick T. Hiller “There is no military solution to the conflict.” That was the conclusion reached by the Biden administration earlier this year, which set into motion the plans for the withdrawal of all U.S. troops from Afghanistan by the end of August. Nearing the termination of this process, in a few short days we witnessed the - [120 Organizations Worldwide Call for a Moment of Silence at the Olympics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/120-organizations-worldwide-call-for-a-moment-of-silence-at-the-olympics/) - We are proud to join with 120 organizations across the world and call on @iocmedia to remember the inhumane use of nuclear weapons against the people of Hiroshima on it’s 76th anniversary this August 6th. A moment of #OlympicSilence is the least we can do. https://beyondthebomb.org/campaigns/ioc/ See the press release: https://beyondthebomb.org/120-groups-join-in-call-for-olympic-moment-of-silence/ - [Repeal of 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) in Iraq. More can be done to end forever wars and achieve authentic security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/aumf-repeal/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Monday, June 21, 2021 Contact: Kelsey Coolidge; kelsey@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “Repeal of 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) in Iraq. More can be done to end forever wars and achieve authentic security.” PORTLAND, OR – The U.S. House of Representatives voted in a bipartisan fashion to repeal - [WPI Research Intern Publishes Op-ed on Bystander Intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/wpi-research-intern-publishes-op-ed-on-bystander-intervention/) - We're happy to share this op-ed by our Research Intern Adam Arman. He argues that with the uptick in hate crimes against Asians, the misappropriated term “jihad” needs to be reclaimed as a way to build peace. Click here for the full op-ed: What Islam can teach us about bystander intervention - [War Prevention Initiative Statement on Events at U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2021/capitol-attacks/) - The War Prevention Initiative (WPI) strongly condemns the far-right mob threat to democracy that took place at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021 in an attempt to overturn the results of a free and fair election - [War Prevention Initiative: “Ensure atrocities prevention measures and support long-term peacebuilding efforts in Ethiopia”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/war-prevention-initiative-ensure-atrocities-prevention-measures-and-support-long-term-peacebuilding-efforts-in-ethiopia/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE December 10, 2020 Contact: Mulugeta Haiybano (mulay@warpreventioninitiative.org) or Patrick Hiller (patrick@jubitz.org) War Prevention Initiative: “Ensure atrocities prevention measures and support long-term peacebuilding efforts in Ethiopia” PORTLAND, OR – At the War Prevention Initiative, we call for urgent and long-term responses to address the civil-military conflict between Ethiopia’s central government and the Tigray - [Campaign for Nonviolent Elections 2020](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/nonviolentelections2020/) - The War Prevention Initiative is supportive of the Commitment to Uphold Democracy articulated in the Hold the Line Guide and the TRUST Network’s goal to prevent and mitigate violence stimulated by electoral politics and underlying social issues – before the 2020 elections, during the vote, and in the aftermath. In order to spread awareness about - [Peace Education, not Patriotic Education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/peace-education-not-patriotic-education/) - The President’s call to “restore patriotic education in our schools” via the creation of the “1776 Commission” aimed at controlling public school curricula once again set off my alarm bells. - [75 years ago Hiroshima and Nagasaki were hit by US atomic bombs. We must remember the past to make progress toward eliminating nuclear weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/stillhere/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Tuesday, August 4, 2020 Contact: Patrick Hiller; patrick@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “75 years ago Hiroshima and Nagasaki were hit by US atomic bombs. We must remember the past to make progress toward eliminating nuclear weapons” PORTLAND, OR – This week we commemorate 75 years of immense harm and suffering caused by the - [Dismantling racism means dismantling militarism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/drmdm/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Friday, May 30, 2020 Contact: Patrick Hiller; patrick@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “Dismantling racism means dismantling militarism” PORTLAND, OR – At the War Prevention Initiative, we are saddened and outraged by the deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor. Their deaths remind us that the evils of racism and white supremacy - [War Prevention Initiative joins civil society groups urging immediate sanctions relief and legal reform](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/war-prevention-initiative-joins-civil-society-groups-urging-immediate-sanctions-relief-and-legal-reform/) - The War Prevention Initiative is a signatory to a letter urging for an overhaul in sanctions regimes. You can see the letter here: https://www.liftsanctionssavelives.org/ +++ For Immediate Release Press Contact: Daniel Jasper 414-465-9865, djasper@afsc.org Civil Society Groups Urge Immediate Sanctions Relief and Legal Reform Amid COVID-19 pandemic a group of nonprofit organizations sends - [Trump is not a wartime president — and COVID-19 is not a war ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/trump-is-not-a-wartime-president-and-covid-19-is-not-a-war/) - Trump is not a wartime president — and COVID-19 is not a war by Kristin Henderson 668 words Using a war narrative to talk about COVID-19 plays into the hands of white supremacist groups. U.S. officials and the media should stop it. Fighting a war is not an appropriate metaphor for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Framing this - [Stop Tightening the Thumb Screws, A Humanitarian Message](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/stop-tightening-the-thumb-screws-a-humanitarian-message/) - Stop Tightening the Thumb Screws, A Humanitarian Message by Kathy Kelly 1020 words U.S. sanctions against Iran, cruelly strengthened in March of 2018, continue a collective punishment of extremely vulnerable people. Presently, the U.S. “maximum pressure” policy severely undermines Iranian efforts to cope with the ravages of COVID-19, causing hardship and tragedy while contributing to - [Social distancing? Peace and social justice demand more coming together, not more distancing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/social-distancing-peace-and-social-justice-demand-more-coming-together-not-more-distancing/) - Social distancing? Peace and social justice demand more coming together, not more distancing by Kevin Martin 718 words "Social distancing" (or maybe more properly “appropriate physical spacing”) is something people everywhere need to practice in the near term to get through the Covid-19 crisis. And it likely won't be the last time, unfortunately, that a - [War Prevention Initiative at the Better Evidence Workshop](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/war-prevention-initiative-at-the-better-evidence-workshop/) - Kelsey Coolidge, Associate Director of the War Prevention Initiative was invited to participate in the Better Evidence Workshop in Washington, DC. - [Gender Champions in Nuclear Policy Strategy Retreat](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/gender-champions-in-nuclear-policy-strategy-retreat/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller participated in a strategy retreat for the Gender Champions in Nuclear Policy Initiative. - [War Prevention Initiative at Rotary World Peace Conference](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/war-prevention-initiative-at-rotary-world-peace-conference/) - Under the theme of "Real Solutions to Real Problems", the 2020 Rotary World Peace Conference was held in Ontario, CA. War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller was invited to present on the topic of "Understanding the Science of Peace to Advance Positive Peace". - [Instead of real-time commentary, eight common-sense reasons for not going to war with Iran](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/instead-of-real-time-commentary-eight-common-sense-reasons-for-not-going-to-war-with-iran/) - In the wake of the assassination of Iranian military leader Major General Qasem Soleimani and nine other people by a U.S. drone strike in Iraq, tensions between the United States and Iran are at their height. - [Press Release: “Congress, people-power, and global leaders need to help prevent war with Iran”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2020/press-release-congress-people-power-and-global-leaders-need-to-help-prevent-war-with-iran/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Friday, January 3, 2020 Contact: Patrick Hiller; patrick@jubitz.org War Prevention Initiative: “Congress, people-power, and global leaders need to help prevent war with Iran” PORTLAND, OR – The January 3, 2020 assassination of Qasem Soleimani, a top Iranian general, and nine other people with him greatly increases the likelihood of catastrophic war between - [War Prevention Initiative hosts book launch with Outward Bound Center for Peacebuilding on Experiental Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-hosts-book-launch-with-outward-bound-center-for-peacebuilding-on-experiental-peacebuilding/) - The War Prevention Initiative of the Jubitz Family Foundation was honored to welcome Outward Bound Peacebuilding's Ana Patel. In a lively and interactive conversation with the audience, Ana brought her long-time work with the center to life. We highly recommended the volume Ana co-edited with her colleague Flavio Bollag. Patrick Hiller, Executive Director of the - [War Prevention Initiative "fly on the wall" at environmental group retreat](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-fly-on-the-wall-at-environmental-group-retreat/) - Patrick Hiller, Executive Director of the War Prevention Initiative, attended a retreat by the Jubitz Family Foundation where current key environmental areas (e.g. forests, water, climate change) were discussed. The insightful discussions demonstrated that seemingly disconnected topics such as forests/water and war prevention are situated in the larger context of destructive systems which need to - [War Prevention Initiative Attends GlobalPDX Conference 2019](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-attends-globalpdx-conference-2019/) - War Prevention Initiative attended the GlobalPDX Conference on October 24, 2019 at Portland State University. The theme of the conference was Local to Global: Sustainable Solutions for a Changing World. Local nonprofits, development organizations and international charities attended the event to share insights and best practices to address global challenges. The panel discussions and breakout - [First International Conference on Environmental Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/first-international-conference-on-environmental-peacebuilding/) - Kelsey Coolidge, program manager at the War Prevention Initiative, attended the First International Conference on Environmental Peacebuilding in Irvine, California. She participated as a discussant on a panel discussion on design, monitoring, and evaluations in environmental peacebuilding. Event website: https://environmentalpeacebuilding.org/2019-conference/ - [Press Release: The War Prevention Initiative commends the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali. ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/2019nobel/) - Press Release: The War Prevention Initiative commends the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali. - ["All foreign policy is domestic" - Informative and inspirational evening with Ploughshares Fund and Win Without War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/all-foreign-policy-is-domestic-informative-and-inspirational-evening-with-ploughshares-fund-and-win-without-war/) - The War Prevention Initiative in collaboration with Ploughshares Fund, Win Without War and the University of Oregon hosted an informative and inspiring conversation around the theme of national security in turbulent times. Michelle Dover from Ploughshares Fund emphasized the need to view domestic and foreign policy as a whole, not as issue areas that can - [Alliance for Peacebuilding: M&E Solutions Forum and PeaceCon 2019](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/alliance-for-peacebuilding-me-solutions-forum-and-peacecon-2019/) - Kelsey Coolidge, program manager at the War Prevention Initiative, presented Developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Communicating Peace at the M&E Solutions Forum hosted by the Alliance for Peacebuilding in Washington, D.C. - [Climate Action for Peace: A World Peace Day Event with Portland-area Non-Profit Organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/climate-action-for-peace-a-world-peace-day-event-with-portland-area-non-profit-organizations/) - The War Prevention Initiative co-hosted a World Peace Day event on this year’s theme of Climate Action for Peace with numerous Portland-area non-profit organizations, including the Greater Portland Sustainability Education Network (GPSEN), the Hawthorne Hostel, and the United Nations Association of Portland. - [National Security in Turbulent Times](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/natsec/) - A conversation about the current state of US nuclear policy, the fight to diversify the voices making crucial decisions about our national security, and how each of us can be advocates for a safer world. - [Fomenting Instability - Exploratory Case Study on the Role of AFRICOM in Niger](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/africom/) - To add to the understanding of the role of U.S. bases and military actions abroad, we initiated a case study of Niger where we examine the role of the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM). - [Radio Interview: Iran Peace Approach](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/radio-interview-iran-peace-approach/) - “There is no reason to go to war with Iran. One of the problems we have with the narrative is that even those who are pro diplomacy supporters still do that in a paradigm of the good 'us' versus the bad 'them'.... We need to get beyond that narrative and figure out how to improve - [War Prevention Initiative: “Violent hate speech gives rise to conditions for violence at home and war abroad” ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/nohatespeech/) - PORTLAND, OR - The War Prevention Initiative (WPI) condemns the vicious and racist attacks by U.S. President Donald J. Trump on U.S. Congresswomen Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., Ayanna Pressley, D-Mass., and Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich. - [War Prevention Initiative Op-Ed addressing German audience: Stand up against U.S. drive toward war with Iran.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-op-ed-addressing-german-audience-stand-up-against-u-s-drive-toward-war-with-iran/) - In his recent commentary published by the German Rubikon magazine, War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller argues that Germany and other European nations need to behave independently at the threshold of war, be courageous and assume a moral leadership beyond Iran, embracing global stability and security. There must be no "coalition of the willing" - [Provoking World War III with Iran and a U.S. history of provocation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/provoking-world-war-iii-with-iran-and-a-u-s-history-of-provocation/) - Published on Monday, July 01, 2019 by PeaceVoice Provoking World War III with Iran and a U.S. history of provocation by J.P. Linstroth1220 words In the history of the United States and its history of interventionism, the recent attacks on oil tankers in the Gulf of Oman seem to be foreboding and ominous signs of what may - ["Iranians are not our enemies"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/iranians-are-not-our-enemies/) - When foreign policy as we know it isn’t working, creative citizen diplomacy can step in to humanize the real people who would be most impacted by war. Follow the link bellow to read the entire commentary by War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller on Foreign Policy in Focus: https://fpif.org/iranians-are-not-our-enemies/ - [Radio Interview: "How to move away from the brink of war with Iran](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/radio-interview-how-to-move-away-from-the-brink-of-war-with-iran/) - "Iranians are dealing with the same everyday issues that we're dealing with...They almost run into you because they are glued to their cell phones." Executive Director Patrick Hiller spoke with Popular Resistance recently about rising tensions between the United States and Iran. One way to start de-escalating the conflict? "Start changing the narrative by humanizing - [Article by WPI Program Manager Kelsey Coolidge published on Inkstick](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/article-by-wpi-program-manager-kelsey-coolidge-published-on-inkstick/) - In her piece "Where are the Women? Who are the Women?", Kelsey Coolidge offers a casual but cutting response to Trump's US National Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security. - [War Prevention Initiative addresses town hall meeting on Iran with Congressman Blumenauer](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-addresses-town-hall-meeting-on-iran-with-congressman-blumenauer/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller addressed a town hall meeting convened by Congressman Earl Blumenauer on June 15, 2019. The American Iranian Friendship Council and Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility sponsored the event. In his prepared remarks, Hiller emphasized the importance of changing the narrative around Iran and its people to ensure that - [War Prevention Initiative: “Rising Tensions Between the U.S. and Iran Must Not Lead to War”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/war-prevention-initiative-rising-tensions-between-the-u-s-and-iran-must-not-lead-to-war/) - [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Thursday, June 13, 2019Contact: Patrick Hiller; patrick@jubitz.org or 503 505-5721. War Prevention Initiative: “Rising Tensions Between the U.S. and Iran Must Not Lead to War” PORTLAND, OR – The June 13, 2019 suspected attacks on tankers in the Persian Gulf were promptly followed by Secretary of State Pompeo’s declaration that the U.S. - [Why refusing to label Iran’s Revolutionary Guard as a terror organization keeps us out of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/iran-irgc-commentary/) - A “Twitter-stamp” by Secretary of State Pompeo made it official. Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) is now designated as a foreign terrorist organization. “We must help the people of Iran get back their freedom” is a diplomatic tweet of an alternative reality. ISIS, Boko Haram, and Iran, all in one place. - [Press Release - Peace Delegation to Iran](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2019/press-release-peace-delegation-to-iran/) - For immediate release; February 24, 2019; Portland, Oregon Contacts: In Washington, DC, Lily Tajaddini, 240-498-4218, lily[at]codepink.org In Tehran, Medea Benjamin +001-415-235-6517, medea.benjamin[at]gmail.com A CODEPINK delegation of 30 Americans will be traveling to Iran from February 25-March 6 to express their deep concern to the Iranian people about the effect of the Trump administration’s brutal sanctions, - [War Prevention Initiative co-hosted Nobel Peace Laureate from the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-co-hosted-nobel-peace-laureate-from-the-international-campaign-to-abolish-nuclear-weapons/) - The War Prevention Initiative was honored to co-host Nobel Peace Laureate Tilman Ruff from the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. As members of this international civil society campaign, it was a privilege to meet and listen to one of campaign's co-founders. Ruff gave a talk entitled Before They End Us: The New Global Movement to - [Myths on Race and Invasion of the ‘Caravan Horde’](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/myths-on-race-and-invasion-of-the-caravan-horde/) - Myths on Race and Invasion of the ‘Caravan Horde’ By J.P. Linstroth Now comes the mid-term elections. Perhaps what is most astonishing for me, as both an anthropologist and educator, is the level of racist discourse promoted by the current Trump administration against hapless refugees and the so-called threat they pose. Indeed, Trump and his - [War Prevention Initiative keynote and contributing sponsor at 2018 GlobalPDX Conference](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-keynote-and-contributing-sponsor-at-2018-globalpdx-conference/) - The War Prevention Initiative Team enjoyed participating in the 2018 Global PDX Conference. At a gathering, aimed at exploring the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller gave the opening keynote speech entitled: The humanitarian-development-peace nexus: multidimensional responses to multidimensional problems. Recognizing the many positive opportunities, Hiller suggested that business as usual was not - [Before They End Us: The Global Movement to End Nuclear Weapons and Protect Planetary Health](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/before-they-end-us-the-global-movement-to-end-nuclear-weapons/) - Please join Oregon PSR, WorldOregon, and the War Prevention Initiative of the Jubitz Family Foundation for Before They End Us: The New Global Movement to End Nuclear Weapons and Protect Planetary Health, a discussion about nuclear weapons and the nuclear disarmament movement featuring Dr. Tilman Ruff. - [War Prevention Initiative endorses "Back from the Brink"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-endorses-back-from-the-brink/) - The War Prevention Initiative gladly endorsed the "Back from the Brink" initiative. Back from the Brink: The Call to Prevent Nuclear War is a national grassroots campaign seeking to fundamentally change U.S. nuclear weapons policy and lead us away from the dangerous path we are on. The Call lays out five common-sense steps that the United - [War Prevention Initiative co-signs letter to the President on implementing the joint statement of the Singapore Summit](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-co-signs-letter-to-the-president-on-implementing-the-joint-statement-of-the-singapore-summit/) - In light of ongoing efforts to secure lasting peace and denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula, civil society groups and leaders from the Korea Peace Network sent this letter to President Trump to lay out concrete steps we believe the administration should take to advance the diplomatic process with North Korea. President Donald Trump The - [War Prevention Initiative team members publish book chapter](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-team-members-publish-book-chapter/) - The Handbook of Research on Promoting Peace Through Practice, Academia, and the Arts (published September 2018) includes a chapter written by War Prevention Initiative team members David Prater and Patrick Hiller. It is titled Recognizing the Science of Peace to Build Positive Peace. Included in our chapter is original research and commentary highlighting the importance - [Book chapter "The 2016 US Presidential Elections and Beyond. Peace Education for Nonviolent Resistance" published](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/book-chapter-the-2016-us-presidential-elections-and-beyond-peace-education-for-nonviolent-resistance-published/) - Following the 2017 plenary presentation at the Latin American Peace Research Association Conference in Mexico, City, War Prevention Executive Director Patrick Hiller published his presentation "The 2016 US Presidential Elections and Beyond. Peace Education for Nonviolent Resistance" in a recently launched book. The book is entitled Risks, Violence, Security and Peace in Latin America, and - [“Gangsterism” or “Progress”? Examining North Korea’s Latest Statement on Denuclearization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/gangsterism-or-progress-examining-north-koreas-latest-statement-on-denuclearization/) - Most US news reports are suggesting that the North Koreans may be backtracking on their commitment to denuclearization, calling the US position “gangster-like” following the visit of Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to Pyongyang. What the North Korean foreign ministry actually said in its statement of July 7 is far more nuanced, and speaks directly to the longstanding differences between Pyongyang and Washington. - [Children in cages create glimmers of the moral reserve](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/children-in-cages-create-glimmers-of-the-moral-reserve/) - Are children in cages the turning point? Under huge public pressure, President Trump issued an executive order that instead of children being put in cages, they would now be locked up together with their parents. - [Separation of Immigrant Families Is Institutionalized Cruelty](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/separation-of-immigrant-families-is-institutionalized-cruelty/) - As I listened to the recording of immigrant kids crying because they were being separated from their parents, I heard the Border Patrol agent joke that they sounded like an orchestra without a conductor. My reaction was to wonder how anyone could be so cruel to the fear of young children. What could make a person so cold to that kind of pain? - [War Prevention Initiative of Jubitz Family Family Foundation at 2018 Peace and Security Funders Group Annual Meeting](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-of-jubitz-family-family-foundation-at-2018-peace-and-security-funders-group-annual-meeting/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director attended 2018 Peace and Security Funders Group (PSFG) Annual Meeting in Minneapolis, MN. - [War Prevention Initiative presentation on Global Peace System](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-presentation-on-global-peace-system/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director held a free public talk/workshop on the Global Peace System in the Spirituality on Tap series in Hood River, OR. - [War Prevention Initiative of Jubitz Family Foundation at Global Leadership Foundation 2018 Annual Meeting](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-of-jubitz-family-foundation-at-global-leadership-foundation-2018-annual-meeting/) - GLF members and participants at the meeting shared experiences, identified challenges and planned ways in which they might contribute to the solution of problems around the world. - [War Prevention Initiative at "War Stories. Peace Stories. Peace, Conflict & The Media."](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-at-war-stories-peace-stories-peace-conflict-the-media/) - "War Stories. Peace Stories. Peace, Conflict & The Media." brought together journalists and peacebuilders in a one-day symposium in New York City on April 11,2018. - [PeaceJam Northwest Conference 2018 with Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Shirin Ebadi](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/peacejam-northwest-conference-2018-with-nobel-peace-prize-laureate-shirin-ebadi/) - Addressing current events, Ebadi made a strong argument in favor of upholding the so-called Iran Nuclear Deal despite her critique of both the Iranian and U.S. governments respectively. - [War Prevention Initiative at 2018 Peace and Security Funders Group Federal Policy Briefing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-at-2018-peace-and-security-funders-group-federal-policy-briefing/) - Early March 2018 the Peace and Security Funders Group (PSFG) convened the Federal Policy Briefing in Washington, D.C. to hear from policymakers and leading experts and advocates about the political environment and opportunities for advancing peace and security issues. War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller participated in this event to engage with colleagues and - [“Preventing school shootings is not rocket science”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/preventing-school-shootings-is-not-rocket-science/) - War Prevention Initiative: “Preventing school shootings is not rocket science” For immediate release: February 16, 2018; Portland, OR The War Prevention Initiative team is deeply saddened by the February 14, 2018 high school mass shooting in Parkland, Florida, killing 17 individuals. Patrick Hiller, Executive Director of the War Prevention Initiative stated: “The frequency and patterns - [War Prevention Initiative discusses North Korea on radio news program](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2018/war-prevention-initiative-discusses-north-korea-on-radio-news-program/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director Patrick Hiller discussed the situation on the Korean Peninsula through a conflict resolution lens on the KBOO Radio Evening News. You can listen to the full segment here: https://youtu.be/P-9IBs-HHOs Key recommendations were: Talk without preconditions—we do not know where these talks are going, but we know that we need to - [War Prevention Initiative at the Columbia Gorge Climate Action Network](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2017/war-prevention-initiative-at-the-columbia-gorge-climate-action-network/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director gave a free public talk on "Challenges and Opportunities in the Trump Era and Peace Education for Peaceful Resistance" at the Columbia Gorge Climate Action Network. - [Foreign Policy and Security Issues in the Trump administration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2017/foreign-policy-and-security-issues-in-the-trump-administration/) - Executive Summary: Since the election of Donald Trump to the U.S. Presidency, the peace advocacy community has grown increasingly worried and has recognized an urgency to respond. The campaign promises, if kept, will be harmful to the people and planet. It is still hard to understand Trump’s foreign policy agenda. We are facing a tough-guy - [War Prevention Initiative Considers Executive Order Limiting Refugees Into the U.S. Inhumane, Misguided and Counterproductive](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2017/war-prevention-initiative-considers-executive-order-limiting-refugees-into-the-u-s-inhumane-misguided-and-counterproductive/) - War Prevention Initiative Considers Executive Order Limiting Refugees Into the U.S. Inhumane, Misguided and Counterproductive FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Monday, January 30 2017 PORTLAND, OR - Citing concerns over national security and the threat of terrorism, President Trump signed an Executive Order on January 27, 2017, indefinitely barring Syrian refugees from entering the United States, - [Measuring Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2016/global-peace-index-presentation-and-panel/) - Measuring Peace: Using metrics of peace to transform conflict, alleviate human suffering, and address global poverty https://youtu.be/Yb2I8paVTWo Global inequality of peacefulness has widened in 2016 as least peaceful countries spiral into increased violence. Violence costs the world $ 13.6 trillion dollars a year, which is $ 1,876 for every person in the world. Refugees - [Revealing an increasingly divided world - Special Presentation on the 2015 Global Peace Index](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/revealing-an-increasingly-divided-world-special-presentation-on-the-2015-global-peace-index/) - Webcast "2015 Global Peace Index" Thank you for joining our special presentation on the 2015 Global Peace Index featuring Aubrey Fox, Executive Director of the Institute for Economics and Peace. More questions for the presenter? The discussants? Other questions? Send an email to philler[at]pdx.edu [column col="1/2"] Is the world becoming more peaceful or are we - [Iran Deal Analysis - Diplomacy is the Alternative to war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/iran-deal-analysis-diplomacy-is-the-alternative-to-war/) - Executive Summary The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) - commonly referred to us the Iran Nuclear Deal - is a multilateral agreement between Iran and the P5+1 (the U.S., U.K., France, Russia, China plus Germany), along with the European Union. Its primary objective is preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. The deal should be - [The icebreaker and #ShellNo: How activists determine the course](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/the-icebreaker-and-shellno-how-activists-determine-the-course/) - By Patrick T. Hiller I don’t know any of the 13 activists who lowered themselves from the St. John ’s Bridge in Portland, Oregon, nor any of the dozens of kayakers paddling in the Willamette River below them, but they succeeded in a temporary blockade of the Shell-leased Arctic-bound icebreaker MSV Fennica. I know that - [Deal with the Deal. Nuclear Nonproliferation, Sanctions Relief, Then What?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/deal-with-the-deal-nuclear-nonproliferation-sanctions-relief-then-what/) - The day the historic nuclear deal between Iran and the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France and Germany (P5+1) was reached, President Obama declared that “the world can do remarkable things when we share a vision of peacefully addressing conflicts.” At the same time, Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif expressed his - [Webcast: Structurally Transforming Militarism for Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/webcast-structurally-transforming-militarism-for-peace/) - Thank you for joining the War Prevention Initiative for this online webinar with our guest John Lindsay-Poland. John has written about, researched and organized action for human rights and demilitarization of US policy in Latin America for more than 30 years. As a veteran human rights and peace activist, author and researcher John will begin - [Addressing ISIS - Research and Advocacy Briefing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/addressing-isis-research-and-advocacy-briefing/) - Cost/benefit analysis of destructive and constructive responses December, 2014 A War Prevention Initiative Research and Advocacy Briefing by Tom Hastings, Ed.D. (Professor at Portland State University); Patrick Hiller, Ph.D. (Director War Prevention Initiative); Dana Ghazi (Graduate Student Portland State University and Expert on Syrian Civil Society Download the free Research and Advocacy Briefing (printable PDF - [Special Lecture - Narratives in Peacebuilding and Peace Obstruction](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/special-lecture-narratives-in-peacebuilding-and-peace-obstruction/) - “You MUST Listen!” Israeli and Palestinian narratives in peacebuilding and peace obstruction In this talk, Dr. Chaitin presented a conceptualization of four different kinds of personal narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, two of which usually hinder peacebuilding efforts between former enemies, and two that have the potential to support peacebuilding and reconciliation if they are - [Welcoming new advisory board member Leah Bolger](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/welcoming-new-advisory-board-member-leah-bolger/) - We are very happy to announce that Leah Bolger accepted our invitation to serve on the Advisory Board of the War Prevention Initiative. For the last nine months we have been collaborating on a regular basis with Leah on building World Beyond War. Currently Leah serves as the Chair of the Coordinating Committee at this - [WPI at Fellowship of Reconciliation Conference](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/wpi-at-fellowship-of-reconciliation-conference/) - Dear Workshop Attendees, It was a great pleasure to talk with you about the Global Peace System. On our website you can find several of the resources I discussed. Here are a few direct links: Introductory video - Click here Global Peace System Study Guide and Global Peace System short documentary video - Click here - [War Prevention Initiative at World Beyond War retreat](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/war-prevention-initiative-at-world-beyond-war-retreat/) - From June 3-5 a group of dedicated individuals met at the Ben Lomond Quaker retreat center to discuss the future direction of World Beyond War - A global movement to end all wars. At the War Prevention Initiative we recognized that it is necessary to build a re-energized movement to end all wars. We recognize - [War Prevention Initiative at Peace and Security Funders Group Conference](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/war-prevention-initiative-at-peace-and-security-funders-group-conference/) - War Prevention Initiative Executive Director and Core Team member Liz Thatcher attended the 2014 annual meeting of the Peace and Security Funders Group in Chicago, IL. The conference took place under the theme "Connecting Local to Global. Useful networking took place alongside valuable presentations, panels and workshops. Some panelists shared success stories behind specific campaigns - [War Prevention Initiative by the Jubitz Family Foundation – an open letter to the Peace and Security Funders Group](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/war-prevention-initiative-by-the-jubitz-family-foundation-an-open-letter-to-the-peace-and-security-funders-group/) - World Beyond War – an idea whose time has come As funders and an organization with an active peacebuilding program, we want to share exciting news about our involvement with a new initiative. World Beyond War (WBW) is a growing coalition of individuals and groups – at this point mainly from the traditional peace movement - [Engaging Rotarians Special Lecture](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/engaging-rotarians-special-lecture/) - EVENT OVERVIEW: “Civil Society Organizations should develop and put into practice strategies that embrace the cultural and systemic root causes and learn new ways to influence the political and social systems.” (Michael Narberhaus, Founder Smart CSOs) The role is civil society organizations (CSOs) in the realm of peacebuilding is clear to academics and practitioners alike. - [News Release - War Prevention Initiative Advocates Nonviolent Alternatives in Syria](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/news-release-war-prevention-initiative-advocates-nonviolent-alternatives-in-syria/) - For Immediate Release: August 28, 2013 Contact: Patrick Hiller: (541) 490-4485, philler[at]pdx.edu War Prevention Initiative Advocates Nonviolent Alternatives in Syria Portland, Oregon nonprofit cites Global Peace System trends as opportunities to prevent military intervention and avoid further escalation of violence in Syria and the Middle East. The War Prevention Initiative promotes continued nonviolent approaches to - [Rotarian Action Group for Peace established](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/rotarian-action-group-for-peace-established/) - We are happy to announce that under the leadership of Al Jubitz and Erin Thomas from the War Prevention Initiative Core Team, the newly founded Rotarian Action Group for Peace launched its comprehensive web portal at http:www.//rotarianactiongroupforpeace.org. The Rotarian Action Group for Peace is an action-driven group of Rotarians, Rotarians’ spouses and Rotaractors working together for the - [Jubitz Family Foundation member of Peace and Security Funders Group](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/jubitz-family-foundation-member-of-peace-and-security-funders-group/) - The steering committee of the Peace and Security Funders Group unaimously and enthusiastically approved the Jubitz Family Foundation's application for membership to the Peace and Security Funders Group. The central purpose of Peace and Security Funders Group is to enhance the effectiveness of the network of grantmakers supporting work in the area of peace and - [Promoting Nonviolence, Addressing Hate & Preventing Global Conflicts: The Role of Media Outlets](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/promoting-nonviolence-addressing-hate-preventing-global-conflicts-the-role-of-media-outlets/) - Dr. Joseph G Bock and Dr. Abbee Corb headline a special one-day event for change agents and stakeholders held at Portland State University on May 31, 2013. Attendance of this event is free and open to the public, but online pre-registration is required. This seminar-style event will include keynote addresses and workshops focused on the - [Oregon Arms Spending Alternatives Project Discussed](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/oregon-arms-spending-alternatives-project-discussed/) - The War Prevention Initiative of the Jubitz Family Foundation and University of Oregon Law School's Appropriate Dispute Resolution Center co-sponsored an exploratory brainstorming session to discuss a possible campaign in Oregon inspired by the Minnesota Arms Spending Alternatives Project (MNASAP). Participants in the meeting came from the War Prevention Initiative, the University of Oregon, Portland - [Nobel Peace Laureate José Ramos-Horta participates in panel on global war prevention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/nobel-peace-laureate-jose-ramos-horta-participates-in-panel-on-global-war-prevention/) - At the 2012 General Conference of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA) in Mie, Tsu, Japan, War Prevention Initiative director Patrick Hiller organized and chaired a plenary panel discussion on the topic “Global War Prevention – Are we at a turning point in history?” Kevin Clements and Luc Reychler, renowned peace scholars and former Secretary - [Meeting with renowned Peace Studies Professor David Cortright](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/meeting-with-renowned-peace-studies-professor-david-cortright/) - War Prevention Initiative Director Patrick Hiller met with Professor David Cortright, Director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. In their discussion on the initiative’s commitment to war prevention, Cortright emphasized the need for a comprehensive campaign strategy for preventing war in Iran. A recently - [War Prevention Initiative hosted "Parkdale Peace Gathering 2"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/war-prevention-initiative-hosted-parkdale-peace-gathering-2/) - Dear Visitors, Under the theme of "Bridging gaps and next steps in war prevention" the Parkdale Peace Gathering 2 brought together a group of scholars, practitioners, Rotarians and other individuals dedicated to peace. We were glad to host conflict resolution experts such as Harry Anastasiou, Rob Gould and Tom Hastings from Portland State University, Tim - [War Prevention Initiative met with author Karl Marlantes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/war-prevention-initiative-met-with-author-karl-marlantes/) - On July 11, 2012 core team members of the War Prevention Initiative Al Jubitz and Patrick Hiller, as well as invited guest Jim McCobb met with New York Times Top 10 Bestseller Karl Marlantes in Seattle. He is the author Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War and the recently published non-fiction work What It - [Re-examining the connection between peace, conflict and trade](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/re-examining-the-connection-between-peace-conflict-and-trade/) - Re-examining the connection between peace, conflict and trade An assessment through the lens of peace and conflict science. A War Prevention Initiative White Paper by Patrick Hiller, Ph.D. (Director War Prevention Initiative) Click her for downloadable PDF version Executive Summary This paper examines the connection between peace, conflict and trade through the lens of peace - [Iran Nuclear Talks. A fresh tone in Washington with a breath of Oregon](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/iran-nuclear-talks-a-fresh-tone-in-washington-with-a-breath-of-oregon/) - It is easy to be a cynic listening to some of the more nonsensical chatter coming out of Congress. Despite the most comprehensive international agreement between the United States and its P5+1 partners (the members of the UN Security Council and Germany) with Iran on its nuclear program, the calls to bomb Iran are still - [TPP, Peace and Conflict: It’s Not about Trade, It’s about How We Trade](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/tpp-peace-and-conflict-its-not-about-trade-its-about-how-we-trade/) - Let’s get one thing straight to begin with. Trade is good. We do it all the time. Trade has been pretty much part of recorded human history and evidence reveals prehistorical trade routes in many parts of the world. It becomes a little bit trickier when we look at large-scale international trade agreements. The question - [Fight terror again, and again, and again. Or end it by refusing to participate in its creation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2015/fight-terror-again-and-again-and-again-or-end-it-by-refusing-to-participate-in-its-creation/) - The cycle of violence. When will it be interrupted? The attack on Charlie Hebdo was another incident of “Terror in [fill in the blank]… attackers part of [fill in name of terror network]”. It was an incident of home-grown terror, since the attackers were French-born second-generation immigrants. It is time to shift away from ineffective, - [ISIS, Ebola, Ferguson (nukes?)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/isis-ebola-ferguson-nukes/) - Did you notice? Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel just announced plans to massively “upgrade” the US nuclear arsenal. It might have been swallowed by other breaking and ongoing news: ISIS and another beheading, Ebola, Ferguson, or the historic comet landing of Philae – at least one positive story. In addition to local news, stories in - [USS Oregon/USS Portland: Not in my name](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/uss-oregonuss-portland-not-in-my-name/) - Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus was in Portland last Friday to announce the resurrection of the USS Portland and USS Oregon names for two new warships. I am offended that this is being done in my name and in the name of all other Oregonians who have for decades consistently professed values of non-violence - [War Prevention Initiative featured in Shift Network](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/war-prevention-initiative-featured-in-shift-network/) - The Hopeful Alternative - A Global Peace System, by War Prevention Initiative's Executive Director Patrick Hiller was featured in the Shift Network's "The Catalyst". Click her to see the full article: http://theshiftnetwork.com/blog/2014-09-18/hopeful-alternative-global-peace-system - [More leaks in the faulty national security debate – and how to fix them](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/more-leaks-in-the-faulty-national-security-debate-and-how-to-fix-them/) - A little leak can be quickly fixed by stuffing it. Large leaks, however, often require more structural repairs or completely different solutions. Bradley Manning’s and just days ago Edward Snowden’s leaking of classified information demonstrates just how big our structural repairs need to be. What they exposed are further indicators of the faulty framework of - [Seeing Systems Discussion Course book created in collaboration with the Northwest Earth Institute](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/seeing-systems-discussion-course-book-created-in-collaboration-with-the-northwest-earth-institute/) - We worked with the NW Earth Institute to develop a discussion course for use within living rooms, community settings, classrooms and may other settings. The discussion course titled, “Seeing Systems: Peace, Justice and Sustainability” was released in April 2014. Within these links you will find a description of the course – http://www.nwei.org/discussion-courses-2/seeing-systems-peace-justice/ - [World Beyond War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2014/world-beyond-war/) - Since winter 2013 a growing coalition of individuals and organizations – mainly from the U.S. peace movement – have been involved in intensive collaboration and actual planning for a re-energized effort to build a movement to end all war (henceforth: World Beyond War). The underlying ideas and vision of these efforts add the until now - [No peace through military strength. A response to Catherine Ashton’s “To Secure Peace, Be Ready for Battle”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2013/no-peace-through-military-strength-a-response-to-catherine-ashtons-to-secure-peace-be-ready-for-battle/) - “The War to End all Wars” never achieved what H.G. Wells implied with this term. On the contrary, World War I not only resulted in the death of more than 16 million humans, it also resulted in a victor’s peace directly setting the stage for World War 2 where an estimated 60 to 100 million - [Oregon Arms Spending Alternatives Project](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2013/oregon-arms-spending-alternatives-project/) - The War Prevention Initiative of the Jubitz Family Foundation and University of Oregon Law School’s Appropriate Dispute Resolution Center co-sponsored an exploratory brainstorming session to discuss a possible campaign in Oregon inspired by the Minnesota Arms Spending Alternatives Project (MNASAP). - [Give Peace Science a Chance – “Big Stick Ideology” on Iran becoming irrelevant in light of constructive conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2012/give-peace-science-a-chance-big-stick-ideology-on-iran-becoming-irrelevant-in-light-of-constructive-conflict/) - “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” was a trademark description of Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy. To no surprise the current electoral season turns politicians into stick-carrying hunters – only now it does not seem necessary to speak softly. In political and even in broader public discourse we are discussing strategies - [Syrian ‘red line’ an opportunity to set new tone of global leadership and collaboration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2012/syrian-red-line-an-opportunity-to-set-new-tone-of-global-leadership-and-collaboration/) - The red line was crossed; let’s fire a shot across the bow. It sounds so easy, so clean, so surgical. Splash! A harmless shot landing in the water to make the enemy compliant. Since the American public – and for that matter the entire world – is rightfully doubtful of yet another U.S. military adventure, - [USS Ranger's future](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2012/uss-rangers-future/) - Bringing the aircraft carrier USS Ranger to Fairview as a museum and memorial, a proposal reported in The Oregonian's July 5 article "Carrier on the Columbia," is not a good idea. What is being memorialized? The Ranger's extensive engagement in the Vietnam War and Gulf wars? As this country winds down from yet two more - [“Duck and Cover” – not enough for the transition out of the nuclear weapons industry](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2012/duck-and-cover-not-enough-for-the-transition-out-of-the-nuclear-weapons-industry/) - In 1951 the US government’s Civil Defense Branch produced the film Duck and Cover. Bert the Turtle reached millions of school children and adults as part of a national campaign to prepare the population in case of a nuclear attack. Even at that time the usefulness of the proposed duck-and-cover maneuver in the face of - [Our Moral Obligation to Look South: Mexican Civil Society ‘Fed Up’ with the War on Drugs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/2011/our-moral-obligation-to-look-south-mexican-civil-society-fed-up-with-the-war-on-drugs/) - A new, citizen-driven nonviolent reality is emerging in the escalated war on drugs in Mexico. The international perception of present-day Mexico is one of disgust about the escalated violence, thousands of fatalities, mass graves and militarized approaches to fight the powerful drug cartels. Approximately 40,000 people have lost their lives since Mexican President Felipe Calderon ## Pages - [Home](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/) - Latest Updates Our Partners, Collaborators & Key Memberships We partner and collaborate with open-minded, creative, and passionate organizations and individuals that are interested in transforming and challenging the status quo, even if that means from operating within the system. Learn More Understand the science of peacebuilding. See research and analysis that joins peace and conflict - [Managing Conflict Without Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/managing-conflict-w-o-violence/) - Peaceful Conflict Resolution is Possible World leaders and large swaths of the public often assume that major political conflicts are settled by military force. They believe that war is inevitable. The truth is, there are many alternatives. Through learning, listening, and putting those alternatives into practice, we can change assumptions and create a more peaceful - [Demilitarizing Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/demilitarizing-security/) - Militarization Isn't Mandatory Many believe security is only upheld by the threat of violence. We’re here to prove that belief wrong. Through our analysis and centering the voices of those affected by conflict, we identify opportunities to create a safer world without relying on the military industrial complex. Learn more about Demilitarizing Security War is - [Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/deij/) - The Starting Point We recognize that we are in a moment of crisis where ongoing systemic racism maintained by a white supremacist culture requires an intentional and urgent adaptation of our work in this moment. Our vision is a world beyond war where humanity is united and a global system of peace with justice prevails - [Subscribe](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/subscribe/) - Please fill in this form to subscribe to our monthly newsletter. - [About Us](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/about-us/) - Our Mission to Prevent All Wars The War Prevention Initiative focuses on transforming the global security paradigm to promote alternatives to violence and militarism. We research, advocate for, and advance knowledge on proven peacebuilding practices to create a world beyond war.Our mission is to transform the global peace and security paradigm to one that is - [Contact](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/contact/) - Get in Touch If you want to support or learn about our peace research and advocacy work, please reach out to us at: info@warpreventioninitiative.organd/or sign-up for our newsletter via this link. Click here to subscribe to our bi-weekly newsletter. Stay Informed Keep up to date on the latest research, analysis, and events from the War Prevention - [Project Overview](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/project-overview/) - The Peace Science Digest is a project of the War Prevention Initiative We believe that there is a gap between the insights of peace science and the working knowledge that policy makers and practitioners use in global peace and security. Additionally, there is a delay in the application of academic research to policy and practice. - [Donate](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/donate/) - Donate to War Prevention Initiative The War Prevention Initiative focuses on transforming the global security paradigm to promote alternatives to violence. Donate - [Media/Press](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/media-press/) - Media Inquires and Press Releases Please contact us for media inquiries. We will gladly provide peace and security analyses on current events and have experience in doing so via op-ed commentaries, radio interviews, podcasts, and television. Follow us on Twitter (@WarPrevention) - [Partners and Collaborators](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/partners-and-collaborators/) - Working Together to Prevent Violence We partner and collaborate with open-minded, creative, and passionate organizations and individuals that are interested in transforming and challenging the status quo, even if that means from operating within the system. ## Office Viewer - [Nonviolent Actions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/officeviewer/4150/) ## Peace Science Digest - [Resisting for Democracy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/resisting-for-democracy/) - Against the backdrop of a failing war with Iran and fast-approaching U.S. midterm elections, with Trump’s approval ratings falling into record lows, we look at how democracy requires active civic participation to survive. We explore the variables that contribute to the erosion of democracy and the rise of political violence, while also highlighting those who - [This Moment of Militarism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/this-moment-of-militarism/) - Despite running on a campaign platform of “no new wars,” the Trump administration has recently begun a war in Iran and requested a Pentagon budget of $1.5 trillion—about a 50% increase over the current Pentagon budget of almost $1 trillion—to support its deeply unpopular war(-crime) efforts. In our attempts to meet the moment, we looked at what the latest research has to say about the sources, dynamics, costs, and repercussions of militarism both within the U.S. and beyond. In our discussion below, we explore the - [The Effects of Political Polarization on Political Violence in the U.S. and Other Democracies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-effects-of-political-polarization-on-political-violence-in-the-u-s-and-other-democracies/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Citation: Piazza, J. A. (2023). Political polarization and political violence. Security Studies, 32(3), 476-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2023.2225780 Talking Points Political polarization makes support for and the occurrence of political violence more likely. In the U.S., Republicans and Democrats who exhibit higher levels of polarization—who “believe members of the - [Transforming Peace and Security through Nonviolence and Feminism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/transforming-peace-and-security-through-nonviolence-and-feminism/) - In our first round-up of 2026, we’re reflecting on the 25th anniversary of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda and bringing this agenda into conversation with unarmed civilian protection (UCP). WPS was a massive achievement of the transnational feminist movement to advocate for women’s voice and agency in peace and security—but its implementation has fallen short of - [Race and Racism within the Peace and Security Sector ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/race-and-racism-within-the-peace-and-security-sector/) - As we reflect on the genocidal violence enacted on Palestinians in Gaza over the past two years, and now the Pentagon’s heinous bombing campaign against Venezuelan boatmen, it becomes evident that racism plays a central role in enabling such military violence. This month’s round-up examines race and racism within the peace and security field. - [Environmental Peacebuilding and Climate Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/environmental-peacebuilding-and-climate-security/) - In conjunction with New York Climate Week, the focus for this month’s round-up is environmental peacebuilding and climate security. When one considers the scale of violence, harm, and exploitation embedded in the systems that have produced climate change and the very real damage that climate change is already inflicting on communities worldwide, coupled with climate-denial - [Borders and Migration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/borders-and-migration/) - The current Trump administration recently signed the “Big Beautiful Bill” into law, the contents of which included an additional budget of $170.7 billion to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (inclusive of its sub-agencies like Immigration and Customs Enforcement [ICE] and Customs and Border Protection [CBP]) to tackle the “immigration problem” and to further bolster - [Nonviolent Action, Militarism, and Israel-Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-action-militarism-and-israel-palestine/) - Context Israel’s war on Gaza continues at a relentless pace since the temporary ceasefire in early 2025, while violence and repression have also sharply intensified across the West Bank. The violence against civilians in Gaza, especially the most recent reports of the Israeli military’s intentional attacks on civilians at humanitarian aid sites, is an abomination, - [Endless Pursuit of Terror](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/endless-pursuit-of-terror/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: McIntosh, C. (2022). A ‘continuing, imminent’ threat: The temporal frameworks enabling the US war on terrorism. International Relations, 36(4), 568-590. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178221128196 Author’s Abstract “For nearly two decades, the United States has chosen to narrate its response to terrorism through what Judith Butler refers to as the - [Resisting Authoritarianism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/resisting-authoritarianism/) - Following the presidential elections in November 2024, the second Trump administration moved swiftly to embed its MAGA agenda into the core operations of the U.S. government. The vicious targeting of immigrants without concern for constitutionally protected rights to due process, assaults on the freedom of press, attacks on the courts and judges, and the total - [Special Issue: Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nuclear-weapons/) - Inside this issue, we analyze research on the negligent dismissal of environmental and health considerations during the world’s race to develop nuclear weapons. The second analysis examines how the perceived legitimacy, power, and language of certain people can influence thinking and policy on nuclear disarmament efforts. The third analysis examines how gender and Western domination of knowledge shape nuclear discourse. In the fourth analysis, we highlight the importance of devaluing nuclear weapons not only as material, but as social objects. Finally, we examine empirical research that considers U.S. proximity and power as the main contributor to North Korea’s nuclear ambitions. - [Building Peace and Resilience through Humanitarian and Development Aid ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-peace-and-resilience-through-humanitarian-and-development-aid/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Norman, J. M., & Mikhael, D. (2023). Rethinking the triple-nexus: Integrating peacebuilding and resilience initiatives in conflict contexts. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 18(3), 248-263. Author's Abstract “The triple-nexus was introduced as a conceptual framework to link humanitarian aid, international development, and peace initiatives. However, - [Embracing Conflict in Peace Education ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/embracing-conflict-in-peace-education/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Kruger, F., & Zembylas, M. (2023). Theoretical and practical implications of agonistic peace for decolonizing peace education. Journal of Peace Education, 1-22. Talking Points Peace education runs the risk of suppressing necessary conflict and making invisible forms of (Western) domination that may exist under the veneer - [Strategic Military Retreat to Mitigate Climate Change](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/strategic-military-retreat-to-mitigate-climate-change/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Payne, C. R., & Swed, O. (2023). Disentangling the U.S. military’s climate change paradox: An institutional approach. Sociology Compass, 18(1), 1-16.https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13127 Talking Points The U.S. military is a major contributor to climate change and other forms of environmental harm and a powerful political actor that acknowledges - [How Militarization Harms Migrants in the Mediterranean Sea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-militarization-harms-migrants-in-the-mediterranean-sea/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Kinacioglu, M. (2023). Militarized governance of migration in the Mediterranean. International Affairs, 99(6), 2423-2441. Talking Points In the context of maritime migration in the Mediterranean region: Migration has been framed as a hybrid threat by the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), giving - [Special Issue: Election Violence  ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-election-violence/) - In partnership with Search for Common Ground We are days away from the 2024 U.S. presidential election. The United States faces a real threat of election violence—defined by research featured in this special issue as “coercive force, directed towards electoral actors and/or objects, that occurs in the context of electoral competition.”[1] It’s an almost unimaginable - [Lessons from Practice: What Can Prevent Election Violence?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/lessons-from-practice-what-can-prevent-election-violence/) - We have thus far extensively reviewed the drivers and wider effects of election violence with a special focus on how it’s experienced in the U.S. A deep understanding of the research on election violence highlights possible prevention and mitigation strategies. For instance, understanding that toxic polarization is characterized by the dehumanization of “the other” highlights - [What Are the Wider Effects of Election Violence?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-are-the-wider-effects-of-election-violence/) - Much of the existing research on election violence focuses on what causes it and what it entails. Physical attacks, threats, and harassment are forms of violence widely described in examples of election violence. Feminist scholars suggest that there is an undercounting of psychological forms of election violence (the form of violence experienced more commonly by - [What Drives Election Violence? ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-drives-election-violence/) - In the wake of violence, a few common questions tend to dominate public discourse: Why did this happen? What caused this? These are worthwhile questions that we will address below in this review of the drivers of election violence and other forms of political violence, with a particular focus on the U.S. context. But, first, - [Forward from Search for Common Ground](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/forward-from-search-for-common-ground/) - Voters across the United States will go to the polls on November 5th to vote for their 47th President, a new Congress, and thousands of important officials and ballot measures at the state and local levels. The Presidential election is forecasted to be close, and the run-up has been marked by one of the largest - [Refugee Resettlement as a Form of Transnational Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/refugee-resettlement-as-a-form-of-transnational-peacebuilding/) - Liberian refugees in Canada reported being involved in peacebuilding in Liberia primarily through remittances, but smaller numbers reported involvement through the transfer of social capital and engagement in the Canadian political process. - [Blaming and Targeting Refugees in the Wake of Terrorist Attacks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/blaming-and-targeting-refugees-in-the-wake-of-terrorist-attacks/) - Prevalent governmental violence against refugees is 47% more likely in the wake of a terrorist attack, and it is probable that this violence is a form of scapegoating against refugee communities rather than a direct means to greater security. - [Support for Political Violence in the United States](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/support-for-political-violence-in-the-united-states/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Armaly, M. T., & Enders, A. M. (2024). Who supports political violence? Perspectives on Politics, 22(2), 427-444. doi:10.1017/S1537592722001086 Talking Points Among a surveyed U.S. public: People who feel like victims ("perceived victimhood"), have authoritarian or populist beliefs, strongly identify with being white, or have military backgrounds are - [Event Summary: The Knowledge and Practice of Decolonial and Indigenous Environmental Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/event-summary-the-knowledge-and-practice-of-decolonial-and-indigenous-environmental-peacebuilding/) - Event date: November 11, 2024 Hosted by War Prevention Initiative and the Environmental Peacebuilding Association In 2024, the War Prevention Initiative and the Environmental Peacebuilding Association released a Peace Science Digest Special Issue on Decolonial and Indigenous Approaches to Environmental Peacebuilding. This event was designed as a highly participatory, complimentary conversation to the special - [Campaign Finance Reform: A Pathway to Peaceful Elections](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/campaign-finance-reform-a-pathway-to-peaceful-elections/) - by Padmini Das This essay was selected for publication as part of the War Prevention Initiative’s Essay Un-contest on Peaceful Elections. In any functioning democracy, elections are not just a mechanism for selecting leaders; they are also a crucial process for legitimizing governance and ensuring political stability. However, the integrity of elections is increasingly threatened by - [Standing United in Wisconsin: Promoting Peaceful Elections in a Contested State ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/standing-united-in-wisconsin-promoting-peaceful-elections-in-a-contested-state/) - by Lisa Inks and Eli Kelling (with Urban Rural Action) with photographs by John Noltner This essay was selected for publication as part of the War Prevention Initiative’s Essay Un-contest on Peaceful Elections. Southeast Wisconsin not only sits at the epicenter in a swing state of what will be a closely contested presidential election, but - [Votes, Voices, and the Far Right ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/votes-voices-and-the-far-right/) - by Irina Militaru This essay was selected for publication as part of the War Prevention Initiative’s Essay Un-contest on Peaceful Elections. It’s scorching hot, and I’m in a field in the middle of nowhere (i.e., the industrial zone of Frankfurt, couched between two factories and the highway), triple-checking if this is really where my - [Building Peace midst Conflict: My Journey in South Sudan's Path Towards Elections ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-peace-midst-conflict-my-journey-in-south-sudans-path-towards-elections/) - by Lona James Luduro Elia This essay was selected for publication as part of the War Prevention Initiative’s Essay Un-contest on Peaceful Elections. As a young woman born in Yei who grew up in Juba, South Sudan, I have witnessed first-hand the tumultuous journey of my country's quest for democracy. The upcoming elections in 2024 - [The Reassuring Illusion of Victory in War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-reassuring-illusion-of-victory-in-war/) - “Liturgies of triumph”—public rituals that symbolically reinforce and celebrate the idea that the U.S. always wins its wars, “embedded in national calendars, public commemorations, and team sports”—shape the understanding and practice of wartime, both producing an expectation for military victory and assuaging public anxieties that emerge from its absence in most contemporary warfare. - [Militarization Decreases Women’s Share of Income](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarization-decreases-womens-share-of-income/) - Governments should consider “the gendered consequences of military budgets” and reallocate military spending into education and healthcare to improve gender equality and increase women’s share of income. - [Justifying Violence with the “Less-than-Lethal Paradigm”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/justifying-violence-with-the-less-than-lethal-paradigm/) - The “less-than-lethal paradigm” is a military strategy aimed at managing the popular perception of violence by using less deadly and more concealed methods to justify imperial actions in a way that aligns with the principles of liberal democracy. - [How to Tell the Truth about Racial Violence: The Case of Mississippi’s Incomplete Truth Commission](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-to-tell-the-truth-about-racial-violence-the-case-of-mississippis-incomplete-truth-commission/) - Truth commissions were initially used as a tool in the immediate aftermath of a violent conflict or during political transitions but, as their popularity surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, they began to be applied to contexts within established democracies to address historic harms and injustices. - [How Indiscriminate Counterterrorism Can Backfire](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-indiscriminate-counterterrorism-can-backfire/) - While Israel’s use of selective counterterrorism, in the form of punitive house demolitions, did not have a clear impact on Palestinian public opinion, Israel’s use of indiscriminate counterterrorism, in the form of precautionary house demolitions, resulted in more “radicalized” political attitudes among Palestinians from the same district. - [Special Issue: Decolonial and Indigenous Approaches to Environmental Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-decolonial-and-indigenous-approaches-to-environmental-peacebuilding/) - Environmental peacebuilding emerged from the convergence of multiple fields—like political science, environmental science, peace and conflict studies, and ecology—concerned with how the natural environment shapes conditions for peace and conflict. Read our special issue on the topic here. - [Spotlight: Environmental Peacebuilding in the Columbia and Snake River Basin](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/spotlight-environmental-peacebuilding-in-the-columbia-and-snake-river-basins/) - The Columbia River and the Snake River are lifelines for endangered salmon and other fish. Tribal nations, tribally led non-profit organizations, and other stakeholders have collaborated in environmental peacebuilding efforts to ensure healthy riverways. - [Conversations on Indigenous and Decolonial Approaches to Environmental Peacebuilding: Interview with Dr. Diana Arbelaez-Ruiz](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/conversations-on-indigenous-and-decolonial-approaches-to-environmental-peacebuilding-interview-with-dr-diana-arbelaez-ruiz/) - We conducted a series of interviews with experts to gain deeper insight into Indigenous and decolonial approaches to environmental peacebuilding. Here, we have Dr. Diana Arbelaez-Ruiz. - [Conversations on Indigenous and Decolonial Approaches to Environmental Peacebuilding: Interview with Dr. Theresa “Isa” Arriola](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/conversations-on-indigenous-and-decolonial-approaches-to-environmental-peacebuilding-interview-with-dr-theresa-isa-arriola/) - We conducted a series of interviews with experts to gain deeper insight into Indigenous and decolonial approaches to environmental peacebuilding. Here, we have Dr. Theresa “Isa” Arriola. - [Conversations on Indigenous and Decolonial Approaches to Environmental Peacebuilding: Interview with Dr. Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/conversations-on-indigenous-and-decolonial-approaches-to-environmental-peacebuilding/) - We conducted a series of interviews with experts to gain deeper insight into Indigenous and decolonial approaches to environmental peacebuilding. Here is one with Dr. Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao. - [Genuine Security as an Alternative to U.S. Militarization of Oceania](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/genuine-security-as-an-alternative-to-u-s-militarization-of-oceania/) - U.S. control over the Pacific Ocean constitutes a form of colonial empire sustained by militarization and environmental exploitation. - [Transitional Justice as a Response to Conservation Violence against Indigenous Peoples](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/transitional-justice-as-a-response-to-conservation-violence-against-indigenous-peoples/) - Conservation violence against Indigenous Peoples can be understood as a proper concern of transitional justice, as it entails “large-scale past abuses,” and the present moment constitutes a period of transition towards greater recognition of Indigenous rights in relation to environmental protection. - [Water Cooperation as “Imperfect Peace” amid Conflict and Insecurity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/water-cooperation-as-imperfect-peace-amid-conflict-and-insecurity/) - Although the riparian countries have not reached a comprehensive, binding treaty on water sharing, multiple state and non-state actors in the region have developed water governance mechanisms and other forms of cooperation related to water management despite ongoing violent conflict and instability—a situation the authors describe as “imperfect peace.” - [Decolonial Environmental Peacebuilding in Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/decolonial-environmental-peacebuilding-in-colombia/) - In the context of a campesino community in southwestern Colombia, the coca leaf, widely known as the primary ingredient for cocaine, is commonly associated with illicit markets and violence but can be a source of environmental peacebuilding. - [Exploring Bottom-Up Environmental Peacebuilding in Timor-Leste](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/exploring-bottom-up-environmental-peacebuilding-in-timor-leste/) - The local customary dispute resolution practice of Tara bandu—practiced throughout Timor-Leste to manage natural resources and address communal or interpersonal violence—is an example of successful, bottom-up environmental peacebuilding. - [Children as Agents of Militarization in the Donbas Region of Ukraine ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/children-as-agents-of-militarization-in-the-donbas-region-of-ukraine/) - Children participate in militarization processes through everyday practices at their schools that commemorate military history and sacrifice and celebrate Donbas regional identity, thereby helping to legitimate these proto-republics and their military activities. - [Police Militarization: Domestic Consequences of Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/police-militarization-domestic-consequences-of-foreign-policy/) - U.S. militarism lead to the creation of police SWAT teams that disproportionally affect minority communities through racial profiling and over-policing. - [How Counterterrorism Practitioners Discount the Lived Experience of Racial Violence ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-counterterrorism-practitioners-discount-the-lived-experience-of-racial-violence/) - Academic-practitioner exchanges focused on counterterrorism policy show how whiteness is employed by practitioners to restrict certain types of knowledge about Islamophobia and systemic racism. - [Costs and Considerations for Meaningful Ceasefires](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/costs-and-considerations-for-meaningful-ceasefires/) - Ceasefires represent strategic deliberations for conflicting parties— when honored, ceasefires reduce violence immediately and create opportunities for meaningful conflict de-escalation and resolution. - [The Effects of Military Spending on Economic Growth](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/effects-military-spending-economic-growth/) - Military spending tends to have a negative impact on economic growth, and is especially detrimental to the economic growth of wealthier countries. - [War Does Not Help The Economy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-not-help-economy/) - A study of six major U.S. wars found the costs of war to negatively affect the national economy, taxes, debt, jobs, investment, and inflation. - [Forgiveness as Acts of Everyday Co-existence  ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/forgiveness-as-acts-of-everyday-co-existence/) - In the context of focus groups with ethnic Croats and Serbs in Croatia, formal apologies and forgiveness might not be necessary to build peaceful, intergroup relationships between ethnic Serbs and Croats, but the “exchange of mutual social gestures showing readiness for contact and moving on with everyday living” are meaningful. - [War Diminishes Global Economic Growth](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-diminishes-global-economic-growth/) - War is expensive and destructive, affecting long-term economic growth through population changes, fewer investments, and worsening educational outcomes. - [Functional Coexistence to Manage Conflicts in a State of Nonresolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/functional-coexistence-to-manage-conflicts-in-a-state-of-nonresolution/) - A decades-long process of conflict intervention reveals that conditions that appear to be unchangeable can change over time, even in conflicts with no resolution in sight and where no mutual recognition exists between parties. - [Local Peace Agreements as a Means to Dissolving Armed Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/local-peace-agreements-as-a-means-to-dissolving-armed-conflict/) - Armed conflict and peacemaking are best understood not in terms of a hierarchical relationship between local and national levels but instead as a “mesh” of different “conflictscapes.” - [Building Peace through Sport in Northern Ireland and Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-peace-through-sport-in-northern-ireland-and-korea/) - In this essay, the authors are interested in how sport can be harnessed as a tool of peacebuilding, with a specific focus on Northern Ireland and Korea. - [A Feminist Critique of Military Heritage](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/a-feminist-critique-of-military-heritage/) - Gender and sexuality norms are employed at military heritage sites to reinforce traditional national security thinking on the necessity of protecting territory through military force. - [Special Issue: Nonviolent Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-resistance/) - In this Special Issue, we culled through recent scholarship on nonviolent resistance (also called civil resistance or nonviolent struggle) to find research that would be most useful for thinking through strategic questions, research with the clearest implications for organizing. From Standing Rock to Sweden, from Ferguson to the West Bank, join us in exploring how to employ humor in nonviolent movements, recognize diversity and privilege in transnational anti-occupation activism, sustain a broad-based struggle against racism and police violence, leverage Indigenous treaty rights to struggle against environmental exploitation, and withstand “smart” repression. - [Time and Counterinsurgency’s Failures](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/time-and-counterinsurgencys-failures/) - Using the lens of time to analyze counterinsurgency (COIN) reveals its colonial heritage but also makes evident paradoxes and tensions within COIN doctrine that clarify why it repeatedly fails to serve U.S. interests. - [Shiny Feminism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/shiny-feminism/) - In this essay, Margherita Sofia Zambelli calls out "shiny feminism" and offers a set of questions, as tools, to analyze whether feminist foreign policies contribute to transformative change. - [How to Better Define a Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-to-better-define-a-feminist-foreign-policy/) - In this essay, Padmini Das offers three strategies for how to better define and implement a feminist foreign policy. - [The Silencing of Afghan Women in the Peace and Reintegration Process](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-silencing-of-afghan-women-in-the-peace-and-reintegration-process/) - Despite international calls for women’s inclusion, Afghan women have played a very limited role in the peace process—highlighting the lack of importance assigned to women’s experiences by both Afghan society and the international community. - [From the Cuban Missile Crisis to Russia’s War in Ukraine: Strategic Empathy as Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/from-the-cuban-missile-crisis-to-russias-war-in-ukraine-strategic-empathy-as-feminist-foreign-policy/) - In this essay, Samara Shaz outlines how a feminist foreign policy should replace brinkmanship with strategic empathy in order to end wars and prevent further loss of human life. - [Bottom-Up Conflict Narratives and Identity Construction in Syria ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/bottom-up-conflict-narratives-and-identity-construction-in-syria/) - Individuals’ interpretations of the Syrian armed conflict correlated with their way of thinking about the “in-group” to which they envision belonging in the future—namely, whether that “in-group” is broadly inclusive and pluralistic or narrowly defined in terms of ethnic or sectarian identity. - ["From Victims to Leaders": Let the Silenced Speak – Climate Change through the Lens of Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/from-victims-to-leaders-let-the-silenced-speak-climate-change-through-the-lens-of-feminist-foreign-policy/) - In this essay, Shrinwanti Mistri argues for climate justice as a core feature of feminist foreign policy, and for centering those most impacted and marginalized by the global climate crisis in decision-making processes about how to address it. - [Right to Choice and the Hijab: Call for International Legal Reform](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/right-to-choice-and-the-hijab-call-for-international-legal-reform/) - In this essay, Raghavi Purimetla and Amukta Sistla envision how a feminist foreign policy can integrate with international legal frameworks to protect women’s rights around the world. - [Framing an Afro-Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/framing-an-afro-feminist-foreign-policy/) - In this essay, Oluwatoyin Christiana Olajide explores a two-pronged approach for pursuing a feminist foreign policy in an African context: local feminist activism with global reach and men's ally-ship within government ministries. - [Unsettling Feminist Foreign Policy and Aotearoa New Zealand](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/unsettling-feminist-foreign-policy-and-aotearoa-new-zealand/) - In this essay, Angela Wilton argues that a "feminist" foreign policy would be an anti-feminist act in Aotearoa New Zealand without co-creation and co-governance with Indigenous peoples. - [The Girl Next Door: How Local Individuals Can Affect Global Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-girl-next-door-how-local-individuals-can-affect-global-policy/) - In this essay, Isobel Dodd argues that addressing domestic misogyny must be a part of a feminist foreign policy to strengthen state security. - [Facts Change Americans’ Beliefs About the Actual Risks of Terrorism ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/facts-change-americans-beliefs-about-the-actual-risks-of-terrorism/) - Facts about the risk of terrorism, especially in the context of other risks factors, can mitigate Americans’ fears of terrorism and bring them into closer alignment with reality. - [The Feminist Revolution: An Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Militarist Case for Rethinking Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-feminist-revolution-an-anti-capitalist-anti-militarist-case-for-rethinking-foreign-policy/) - In this essay, Irina Militaru argues that a feminist foreign policy must be anti-capitalist. - [The War Within](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-war-within/) - In this essay, Morgan Shier intimately links the experience of daily life with a call for policies that recognize human multidimensionality, intersectionality, and interconnectedness. - [Volume 1, Issue 6](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-1-issue-6-2/) - This issue’s articles illustrate the necessity of highlighting the alternatives to war and violence, and proving that these alternatives are indeed available. However, we are not naïve—we are facing challenging political times. Given the uncertainties of U.S. foreign and domestic policy ahead of us, it becomes even more important to pro-actively challenge war and violence prone rhetoric and action by pointing to demonstrable more effective and less costly alternatives. Peace Science tells us that we certainly do not need a new (nuclear) arms race. - [The Case for a Feminist Domestic Policy for Mexico ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-case-for-a-feminist-domestic-policy-for-mexico/) - In this essay, Rocío Magali Maciel calls for a feminist domestic policy for Mexico—in addition to the country’s feminist foreign policy—to address violence against women. - [An African Obedient Rebellion to the Global Nuclear Order](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/an-african-obedient-rebellion-to-the-global-nuclear-order/) - The African nuclear weapon-free zone, as a form of “obedient rebellion”, is central to challenging the global nuclear order. - [Volume 2, Issue 1](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-1-2/) - In this issue, we offer analysis on mediation techniques for intergroup conflicts with specific implications on the tensions surrounding the refugee/immigrant populations. By looking at a study re-visiting military draft and inequality, we offer contemporary perspectives on war support. The examination of religious peacebuilding in Sierra Leone offers insights into how religious actors can leverage their role in societies to constructively transform conflict. In a further study, we look at peace journalism and media ethics. In a time when the term “fake news” is used for almost anything that challenges the administration, peace journalism can play a radical role in speaking up against the status quo. Finally, we look at alliances and their role in multiparty wars. This is of relevance, given the controversial role NATO plays in the current tensions between the U.S. and Russia. - [Volume 1, Issue 5](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-1-issue-5/) - Inside this issue, we provide relevant research examining multiple lenses of war prevention and the viable nonviolent alternatives: how domestic protests influence coups; oil, terrorism and insurgency in the Middle East and North Africa; democracy, human rights and terrorism as possible motives for U.S. military intervention; the uneven distribution of civilian casualties, politics, and public support for Israel; and how nonviolent resistance contributes to strong democracies. - [Volume 1, Issue 4](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-1-issue-4-2/) - Dear Readers, We hope you enjoy Volume 1, Issue 4 of the Peace Science Digest. Please click on the icon to download. Download For the text-only format of this issue’s analyses please click on the titles below or visit our Issue Archive. Minority Groups, Political Exclusion and Terrorism Defeating ISIS with Nonviolent Resistance R2P: The Responsibility to - [Volume 1, Issue 3](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-1-issue-3-2/) - Dear Visitors, We hope you enjoy Volume 1, Issue 3 of the Peace Science Digest. Please click on the icon to download. Download Now! For the text-only format of this issue’s analyses please click on the titles below or visit our Issue Archive. Ethnic Minorities and Terrorism International Peacekeeping and Positive Peace Manufacturing Dissent: Modernization and - [Fueling Conflict. The Link Between Oil and Foreign Military Intervention in Civil Wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/fueling-conflict-the-link-between-oil-and-foreign-military-intervention-in-civil-wars/) - This article addresses the long-assumed connection between civil war nations’ oil capacity and the likelihood of third-party intervention. The research shows that third-party intervention is up to 100 times more likely when a) the country at war has large reserves of oil; or b) the foreign intervener has a higher demand for oil. Ninety percent - [Democracies, Domestic Politics, and War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/democracies-domestic-politics-and-war/) - Increasing the number of democracies in the world does not affect the number of wars until democracies reach 60% of the global governments. - [Cell Phones and Violent Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/cell-phones-and-violent-conflict/) - Violent conflict is much more common in areas with low-tech communication capabilities (characterized by fewer than 34 landlines per 100 people). - [Quality of Life Impacts Individuals’ Willingness to Take Up Arms](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/quality-of-life-impacts-individuals-willingness-to-take-up-arms/) - When people experience higher life opportunity, they become less willing to give their lives in service to their countries' wars. - [Volume 1, Issue 1](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-science-digest-volume-1-issue-1/) - Volume 1, Issue 1 of the PSD. - [Building Peace in Cyberspace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-peace-in-cyberspace/) - By examining cybersecurity through the lens of peace and conflict studies, we can shift the discourse on cyberwar to a focus on cyberpeace. - [Colombia in Focus: Explaining Armed Actors' Compliance with Civilian Demands in Colombian Peace Territories](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/colombia-in-focus-explaining-armed-actors-compliance-with-civilian-demands-in-colombian-peace-territories/) - Armed actors depend on the cooperation of civilians in order to reach their objectives and therefore cannot achieve everything they wish to through violence alone. - [Volume 4, Issue 2](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-2/) - In this issue, some of the articles focus on intractable conflicts, like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or civil wars of the recent past, like Sierra Leone or Côte d’Ivoire. While conflict is persistent in these settings, there are examples of peacebuilding at the interpersonal and local levels. The choice between violence and nonviolence is highlighted in two other articles, though in quite different contexts. Research conducted in Iran finds that nonviolent resistance garners more support than violent resistance does even after the previous failure of a nonviolent movement. Other research reveals that the inclusion of armed groups in negotiations can move them away from the use of violence, while their exclusion makes a return to violence more likely. Additionally, national governments continue to play a powerful role in shaping outcomes for peace and security, from decisions about whether to participate in negotiations with armed groups to decisions about how much to allocate towards defense spending. - [Volume 4, Issue 1](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-1/) - In this issue, each of the articles selected either takes a critical approach to its research question or incorporates a careful perspective on the various racial, ethnic, gender, or other identities at play in its analyses. The first article shows that support for military action decreases when civilian causalities increase. The second criticizes the shift from peacebuilding to stabilization and counterterrorism operations. The third reviews women's informal participation in the peace process in Myanmar, and broader implications from barriers to their formal participation. The fourth suggests a link between women's participation in government, reduced levels of corruption, and higher levels of peace. The fifth details strategies for leftist civil resistance movements to confront rightwing counter-protests. The results of this critical approach empower us to see beyond our assumptions, to be surprised by the results of our work, and to view events of the world with a dash of skepticism. - [Volume 4, Issue 3](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-3/) - In this issue, we examine a set of articles with a great deal of regional diversity — two articles focus on peacebuilding or peacekeeping in Africa, one looks at resistance to exclusionary nationalism in Bosnia (Europe), another explores “uncivil society” in Bougainville and Timor-Leste (Asia-Pacific), and, finally, one considers military checkpoints in Iraq (Middle East). These articles heighten our awareness of the complexities and challenges involved in peacebuilding after war. All the more reason to avoid war in the first place. - [Special Issue: Refugees & Migrants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-refugees-migrants/) - Considering the plight of migrants (258 million globally) and especially refugees (26 million globally) is impossible to do without also considering war and human security. On the most obvious level, one of the many enormous costs of war is the massive human displacement it causes as people try to protect themselves by leaving the war zone. - [Volume 4, Issue 4](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-4/) - Nearly all nonviolent resistance movements face a common challenge—the temptation to turn to violence, whether among those within the movement or on the part of the government whose policies or behaviors may be the target of the resistance movement. - [Volume 4, Issue 5](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-5/) - What people believe matters. It matters, most crucially, to decisions about how to act. We all must make sense of the world before we can act in it and on it. Is it possible to shift beliefs, particularly those that condone the use of violence or embrace exclusionary or dehumanizing ideals? What people believe can - [Volume 4, Issue 6](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-4-issue-6/) - As of January 2020, The U.S. and Iran have walked back from the precipice of war. The recent escalation underscores the prevalence of militarism, especially here in the U.S.—and why the work of the Peace Science Digest in countering militarist narratives is so urgently needed. In particular, our first task is to make visible the - [Special Issue: Peacebuilders](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-peacebuilders/) - This special issue—the final issue of Volume 4—focuses on peacebuilders: Who are they? How do they work? What are their unique needs and capacities? What challenges do they face? - [Special Issue: Local, National, and International Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-local-national-and-international-peacebuilding/) - We are pleased to present our special issue on the relationship between local, national, and international peacebuilding in partnership with Peace Direct. The recent reorientation towards local peacebuilding represents a radical shift in whose voices are centered in the work of creating a more peaceful and just world... - [Special Issue: Countering Hate and Violent Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-countering-hate-and-violent-extremism/) - We are pleased to present our special issue on countering hate and violent extremism in collaboration with Thought Partnerships. - [How Social Networks Facilitate Protest Against and Amid Criminal Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-social-networks-facilitate-protest-against-and-amid-criminal-violence/) - Involvement in social networks helps explain why individuals decide to protest the insecurity they face, despite the risks from both criminal groups and state security forces. - [War Results in Adverse Health Outcomes for Children ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-results-in-adverse-health-outcomes-for-children/) - Across 52 developing countries, children exposed to armed conflict score significantly lower on key measures of childhood health compared to those who are not exposed to armed conflict. - [How Women’s Situation Rooms Harness Gender to Prevent Political Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-womens-situation-rooms-harness-gender-to-prevent-political-violence/) - In various West African countries, women’s situation rooms (WSRs) monitor election-related violence and more, which enables them to respond to emerging crises. - [Toward North Korean Security without Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/toward-north-korean-security-without-nuclear-weapons/) - Talks with North Korea should include long-term visions of U.S. troop withdrawals. - [Failed Summit, North Korea and the Nature of Negotiation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/failed-summit-north-korea-and-the-nature-of-negotiation/) - Photo credit: Roman Harak Context: Amidst growing tensions and another round of verbal escalations by both sides, President Trump announced that he was pulling out of the highly anticipated summit between the U.S. and North Korea. While so-called "spoilers" certainly contributed to this development and the dangers of rising tensions are real, the process of - [Organized Labor Unions Bridge Social Divides To Allow For Nonviolent Collective Action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/organized-labor-unions-bridge-social-divides-to-allow-for-nonviolent-collective-action/) - Organized labor and trade unions create interconnected social networks that bridge diverse groups of people and aid in the mobilization for mass collective action. - [Strong Relationships Based on Trust & Respect Are Key to Summit Success](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/strong-relationships-based-on-trust-respect-are-key-to-summit-success/) - In the wake of the Kim/Trump Singapore summit, there are important lessons they can learn from past summits: the need to establish common policy ground, manage their respective domestic politics, and forge trusting and respectful personal relationships. - [Women's Inclusion Is Vital To Successful Peace Processes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/womens-inclusion-is-vital-to-successful-peace-processes/) - Women continue to be underrepresented in peacebuilding processes and negotiations. Peace Science shows how women's inclusion in peacebuilding is crucial to the success and longevity of peace agreements. - [Suspending War Games Is Good! Concessions Lead To More Talks...Even Denuclearization.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1795-2/) - Following the Trump/Kim Singapore Summit, the U.S. canceled their upcoming "war games" with South Korea. The New York Times and peace science agree that early concessions can lead to big payoffs when denuclearization is on the negotiating table. - [Armed Peacekeepers Can Protect Civilians, But There Are Risks.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/armed-peacekeepers-can-protect-civilians-but-there-are-risks/) - Research has shown that, in most cases, armed UN peacekeepers help protect civilian lives. However, militarizing any part of a peace process is dangerous and is often met with unintended consequences. - [Volume 3, Issue 3](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-3-issue-3/) - Inside this issue, you will find analysis of research highlighting the importance of one of the Digest’s primary goals: making academic research more accessible and relevant to those beyond the academic community. Four additional analyses look at the relationship between people’s beliefs on masculinity and honor, on the one hand, and their attitudes towards aggressive policies and war, on the other; the complex attitudes of people in a post-conflict setting "after the smoke clears" by looking at how different conflict narratives contribute to reconciliation; how to influence nonstate actors to comply with humanitarian norms, laws, and treaties; and, lastly, we analyze a study examining the methods by which liberal democracies create and sustain militarism and hence enable war. - [How "Liberals" Can Sustain Militarism & Enable War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-liberals-can-sustain-militarism-enable-war/) - Its been over a year since a major US news network has mentioned any U.S. participation in the Yemen war. Such inattention normalizes U.S. military action and contributes to the greater indifference to militarism throughout U.S. society. - [Near Patagonia, Protests Begin Over New U.S. Military Base](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/near-patagonia-protests-begin-over-new-u-s-military-base/) - In Argentina, protests erupt over a new U.S. "humanitarian" military base near Patagonia. Locals believe the base's real purpose is to protect U.S. interests in the region's natural resources. - [The 20 Year War Between Ethiopia and Eritrea Has Ended, Restoring Contact Between Separated Families.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-20-year-war-between-ethiopia-and-eritrea-has-ended-restoring-phone-lines-between-separated-families/) - Last week, thousands of Ethiopians placed phone calls they had dreamt of making for two decades. Following the end of the 20 year war between Ethiopia to Eritrea, phone lines have been restored allowing family members separated by the conflict to speak once again. Peace Science shows that access to phones decreases the occurrence of violent conflict. - [Using Humor As Nonviolent Action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/using-humor-as-nonviolent-action/) - During Donald Trump's recent state visit to the UK, protesters carried an inflatable baby Trump blimp to bring humor to their protest of his domestic and foreign policy. Humor, in various forms, has a long tradition in protest movements. - [Trump Jeopardizes Denuclearization Talks By Taking Early Credit & Alienating China](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/trump-jeopardizes-denuclearization-talks-by-taking-early-credit-alienating-china/) - Peace agreements are not helped by boasting about policy successes that have not yet happened and weakening relationships with strategic allies. Peace science points to more effective roles mediators and negotiators can play to achieve durable peace. - [UN Peacekeepers Need Peacekeeping Training](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/un-peacekeepers-need-peacekeeping-training/) - The United Nations doesn't have Peacekeepers, they have soldiers deployed as Peacekeepers. Peacekeeping missions are not military operations, therefore, Peacekeeper training should better reflect the peaceful mandate of the UN and abandon the militarized culture and tactics present in today's Peacekeeping forces. - [Police Fragmentation Increases Risk of Conflict Recurrence and Human Rights Abuses in Post-Conflict Countries  ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/police-fragmentation-increases-risk-of-conflict-recurrence-and-human-rights-abuses-in-post-conflict-countries/) - Police fragmentation results in a higher risk of conflict recurrence and “greater discretion in the use of violence…against the civilian population” in post-conflict countries. - [Militarized Masculinities and the Legitimation of Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarized-masculinities-and-the-legitimation-of-violence/) - Despite the popularity of the “Canada-as-peacekeeper” image with the Canadian public, Canada’s military long had problems with it, feeling that it “emasculated” Canadian soldiers and therefore the country itself. - [‘Purveyance of Hope’: Climate change, Militarism, and Peace Education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/purveyance-of-hope-climate-change-militarism-and-peace-education/) - Photo credit: Stephen Melkisethian Over the last 20 years, public education systems have suffered budget cuts, regimented curriculum, high-stakes standardized testing and cuts to teaching and administrative staff. Standardized testing and evaluation, often known as “teaching to the test” have substituted the critical thinking and holistic practices of education that are crucial to civic engagement - [Quality as Critique: Promoting Critical Reflection During Encounter Programs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/quality-as-critique-promoting-critical-reflection-during-encounter-programs/) - Photo credit: https://www.reutsadaka.org/ Peace education, in theory and practice, adapts to the context in which it is practiced. In conflict areas, peace education often aims to foster tolerance and understanding of the many perspectives and narratives that are in play. These programs that bring together people from conflicting groups are often called encounter programs. In - [‘Pedagogies of Resistance’ and Critical Peace Education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/pedagogies-of-resistance-and-critical-peace-education/) - Photo credit: UNMISS via flickr The field of Peace Education emerged after World War I and II when educators began to teach topics of peace with the hope of avoiding future war. Since then, peace education has branched off into various areas of focus with their own methods of teaching. However, peace educators tend to - [Interrupting Generational Cycles of Violence Through Historical Memory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/interrupting-generational-cycles-of-violence-through-historical-memory/) - Photo credit: 8 Kome In this article, the author provides a concept of interrupting cycles of violence spreading across generations by connecting collective/historical memory to peace education. She specifically suggests incorporating “oral histories” and “futures visioning” into classrooms and the communities beyond to make peace education more socially relevant. This is of particular relevance because - [Creating a Broad-Based Movement for Black Lives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/creating-broad-based-movement-black-lives/) - Photo credit: Tim Dennell In a scene from Sacha Jenkins’ new documentary, a father asks his 12-yearold son to tell the camera what he’s been told to do if their car is ever pulled over: “Put your hands up on the dashboard, so the police don’t think you have any weapons, or show your hands.” - [Adding Humor to the Nonviolent “Toolbox”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/adding-humor-nonviolent-toolbox/) - Photo credit: Can Pac Swire Struggles against human rights abuses or militarism are rarely linked— in thought or discussion—to humor. As serious matters, they deserve serious, strategic thinking about how to dismantle the power structures that enable them. But what if humor itself is a powerful tool for doing so? The author explores this possibility - [Diversity, Identity, and Privilege Among Multinational Activists in Palestinian Civil Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/diversity-identity-privilege-among-multinational-activists-palestinian-civil-resistance/) - Photo credit: Susan Melkisethian Contrary to widespread stereotypes regarding the nature of Palestinian resistance, there has long been a tradition of unarmed civil resistance against Israeli occupation—a tradition recently renewed with Israel’s construction of the so-called “separation barrier” (a.k.a. “apartheid wall” [Palestinians] or “security fence” [Israelis]) that separates many West Bank Palestinian villages from their - [Everyday Peace, Peace Pedagogy and the Big Social Picture](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/everyday-peace-peace-pedagogy-and-the-big-social-picture/) - Photo credit: Teachers without Borders In this article, the authors discuss the concept of ‘everyday peace’ as a peace education framework. Co-created with the study participants, everyday peace is based on values and on the individual and structural levels. The research connects peace education to everyday violence in people’s lives. As such, it becomes an - [Nonviolent Resistance and Government Repression](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-resistance-government-repression/) - Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons A greater number of resistance movements are choosing to adopt nonviolent forms of struggle as the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance becomes more widely known. At the same time, however, the success rate of these nonviolent movements is decreasing. What accounts for this lower rate of success, just as the effectiveness of - [Indigenous Civil Resistance and Treaty Rights](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/indigenous-civil-resistance-treaty-rights/) - Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons 2016 saw the emergence of a powerful movement against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) through land vital to Native communities, especially the Standing Rock Sioux. For non-Native people who have not been paying attention to Indigenous rights struggles over the past several decades, the #NoDAPL movement may have - [Contagious Nonviolence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/contagious-nonviolence/) - Countries are more likely to experience the onset of nonviolent campaigns when there is a greater amount of mobilization globally. - [Proven Decline in Public Support for War When the Alternatives Come to Light](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/proven-decline-in-public-support-for-war-when-the-alternatives-come-to-light/) - When aware of nonviolent alternatives to war, people believe the price of war is too high and are less likely to tolerate casualties and to support wa - [Sanctions as a Tool for Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/sanctions-as-a-tool-for-peace/) - Moderate sanctions lower the chance of war, but weak/overly destructive sanctions do the opposite. Strategic sanctions can lead to diplomatic negotiations. - [Religious Freedom and the Reduction of Religious Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/religious-freedom-and-the-reduction-of-religious-terrorism/) - Repressing religious freedoms is twice as likely to cause terrorism than a country’s high poverty rate or population size. - [International Peacekeeping and Positive Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/international-peacekeeping-and-positive-peace/) - Peacekeepers with the ability to enforce peace agreements are better able to build norms of trust and cooperation compared to the absence of peacekeepers. - [The true cost of human life and why it matters](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-true-cost-of-human-life-and-why-it-matters/) - Using sunk costs to justify an ongoing war does not work—the U.S. public doesn’t support the ‘Don’t Let Them Die in Vain’ argument. - [Aggressive Governance, Not Religion Influences the Choice Between Violence and Nonviolence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/aggressive-governance-not-religion-influences-the-choice-between-violence-and-nonviolence/) - Individuals are more likely to choose nonviolent methods in response to the unacceptable consequences of violence done by their government. - [Using Cell Phones to Prevent Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/using-cell-phones-to-prevent-violence/) - Technology-based programs, as simple as text message reporting, have been proven to aid in conflict monitoring and prevention. - [Investment In Local Businesses Can Help Peacebuilding In Afghanistan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/investment-in-local-businesses-can-help-peacebuilding-in-afghanistan/) - Investment in medium-sized enterprises can play a central role in building sustainable peace in Afghanistan. Previous research on local business and entrepreneurial investment in post-conflict communities support this claim. - [Contagious Nonviolence Defeats School Segregation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/contagious-nonviolence-defeats-school-segregation/) - A student-led movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina successfully defeated a government plan to segregate their school. The contagious nature of nonviolent movements may have contributed to their success. - [How Repression Can Backfire To Fuel Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-repression-can-backfire-to-fuel-resistance/) - During resistance movements, repression can backfire. Rather than crippling the resistance, repression often fuels resistance and undercuts the legitimacy of a power elite. - [Poland Wants To Increase Defense Spending & More U.S. Troops](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/poland-wants-to-increase-defense-spending-more-u-s-troops/) - The Polish President has recently expressed a desire to increase the country's military spending and has been petitioning Washington for a permanent U.S. base and more troops. Peace Science has identified the unfortunate concessions countries often make in the name of "security". - [Civil Society's Important Peacebuilding Role On The Korean Peninsula](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/civil-societys-important-peacebuilding-role-on-the-korean-peninsula/) - The United States has downplayed the importance of including civil society in the peace talks between North and South Korea. However, civil society has a proven track record in this area: history and research show that by including civil society in negotiations, the strength and longevity of peace agreements are increased. - [The Observed Benefits of Peace Journalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-observed-benefits-of-peace-journalism/) - "Journalism is not just about 'reporting facts'. It is about 'what' to report and 'how' to report" says Vanessa Bassil, Director of the Media Association for Peace (MAP). Peace Science shows that peace journalism has specific effects on individuals and whole societies--demonstrating the widespread impact of journalistic methods and ethics and the conscious choice available to news outlets. - [For Afghan Children, Violence Is The Only Constant](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/for-afghan-children-violence-is-the-only-constant/) - Nearly twenty years of war has had a devastating impact on children in Afghanistan. War casualties among Afghan children are on the rise, and nearly half do not attend school. - [One in Four Children Around the World Live in Conflict or Disaster Zones](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/one-in-four-children-around-the-world-live-in-conflict-or-disaster-zones/) - Over 25% of the world's children live in areas with little to no access to education, health care, or safety. Peace Science highlights some of the risks and consequences specific to youth during violent conflict and Peacebuilding Deeply comments on how, historically, we have focused on of either the “empowerment” of youth or their "radicalization"...but neglect the young person’s critical role as a peacebuilder. - [Reinforcing Sexism and Homophobia Through Political Cartoons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/reinforcing-sexism-and-homophobia-through-political-cartoons/) - In both "progressive" political cartoons and state-sanctioned propaganda, sexism and homophobia are weaponized to achieve political goals and to gain/sustain public support for biggoted or violent policy. - [Has Social Media Made It Too Easy To Organize Mass Protests?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/has-social-media-made-it-too-easy-to-organize-mass-protests/) - Before the internet, protesters lacked social media's networking capabilities that allow movements to coordinate and share information in real time. But now, movements have the ability to grow so rapidly that they skip preparation stages that are often vital to movement success. - [Some Experts "Cautiously Optimistic" About U.S./Taliban Peace Talks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/some-experts-cautiously-optimistic-about-u-s-taliban-peace-talks/) - The pending negotiations between the U.S. and Taliban have some experts “cautiously optimistic”. Peace Science shows us that successful peace talks often depend on the type of leverage possessed by each party. - [The U.S. Lifts Suspension of "War Games" With South Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1950-2/) - Defense Secretary Jim Mattis indicated this week that the U.S. will lift a suspension of joint military exercises with South Korea. This announcement, in addition to President Trump's recent cancelation of his State Department's visit to Pyongyang, goes against what Peace Science tells us about the importance of granting concessions and avoiding provocations during intense negotiations. - ["Women Make Peace Stick"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/women-make-peace-stick/) - Women continue to be underrepresented in peacebuilding processes. Peace Science consistently shows that female inclusion is vital to the success and longevity of peace agreements. - [Reevaluating R2P: The Responsibility to Prevent](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/reevaluating-r2p-the-responsibility-to-prevent/) - The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a global political commitment designed to prevent crimes against humanity. However, by labeling protection as a responsibility, powerful states are given the opportunity to frame their military intervention as the responsible, humanitarian thing to do. Peace Science has shown that conflict prevention is still the most effective approach to avoid violence. - [Volume 3, Issue 4](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-3-issue-4/) - In this issue, we examine research on the successful nuclear weapon free zone treaties that helped pave the way to the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and how approaching nuclear weapons prohibition through regional stepping stones may be the key to global abolition. Next, by looking at a study on levels of weapons imports, we see a direct relationship between the influx of weapons and the likelihood of a specific classification of countries engaging in civil war. In the third analysis, we learn that less than one in five nonviolent uprisings in the past 45 years has attempted mediation to resolve the conflicts they seek to address. It turns out that higher risks and costs associated with a nonviolent uprising—either the presence of radical flanks or high levels of state repression—are closely related to mediation attempts. Next, we are taken to post-war Liberia where we explore the role of trust, norms, and social networks play in the ability of former combatants to reintegrate into society. The research highlights additional perspectives on the devastating toll war plays on individuals and societies, even after the fighting ends. Our last analysis focuses on why different organizations in the same movement choose the specific nonviolent tactics they do, resulting in a consideration of resource availability, interdependence, and strategic decision-making. - [Critical Feminist Insights on Security, Militarism, and the Inclusion of Women in the Military](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/critical-feminist-insights-on-security-militarism-and-the-inclusion-of-women-in-the-military/) - A critical feminist perspective is necessary to a more accurate understanding of problems around gender and militarism, security, warfare, and militaries themselves. All of these depend on gender hierarchies—the privileging of masculinity and its associated traits over femininity and its associated traits—and “gendered myths and images” to function. - [Financing War Through Taxes Reduces Social Inequality and Public Support for War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/financing-war-through-taxes-reduces-social-inequality-and-public-support-for-war/) - Borrowing money to pay for war leads to greater social inequality and allows governments to shield the public from direct costs of war-leading to higher war support and approval ratings, and less budget oversight. - [For Genuine Impact, Research Must Be More Accessible](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/for-genuine-impact-research-must-be-more-accessible/) - The slow migration of academic knowledge into practical application limits a field’s growth, impact, and the overall effectiveness of its practitioners. Open access journals make research more accessible by eliminating expensive paywalls and subscription fees. - ["Fort Trump" Military Base Proposed in Poland](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/fort-trump-military-base-proposed-in-poland/) - Poland has been pushing to host a permanent U.S. military base for years- proposing it be named "Fort Trump" may have sealed the deal. Poland is looking to shore up relations with the U.S. and defend against an increasingly aggressive Russia, but increased defense spending and the presence of foreign troops has a measured effect on human rights practices and the economy. - [Successful Peace Agreements Are Built On Trust And Clarity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/successful-peace-agreements-are-built-on-trust-and-clarity/) - Recent studies have shown that "complex" peace agreements with long lists of provisions are more likely to lead to a return of violence within five years. This research is important to the ongoing Korean peace process: focus should be placed on peace agreements built on trust with clear, actionable provisions. - [Special Issue: Gender & Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-gender-conflict/) - If there is a silver lining to the current political situation in the U.S., it is the way that polarization can bring latent conflict—in the form of extreme inequality and oppression—to the surface to be addressed. In 2018, one would hope that we would not still be living in a sexist, gender-unequal society (or a racist society, for that matter). But, whereas a few years ago, well-meaning people of all genders might have been able to overlook the ways in which gender (and racial) inequalities still permeate our daily existence, today it is difficult to do so any longer. The courageous revelations of hundreds of women across professions have exposed the insidious ways in which sexual assault and harassment still very much structure power dynamics in the workplace and beyond. Comparisons between world leaders about the size of their nuclear “buttons” have made evident how the desire to look more masculine assists in escalating international conflict. In other words, it is no longer possible to ignore the “work” gender does in politics—from the bedroom to the boardroom to the battlefield. - [UN Peacekeepers Play A Key Role In Peacebuilding, But There Are Risks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/un-peacekeepers-play-a-key-role-in-peacebuilding-but-there-are-risks/) - The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, calls for members to support UN Peacekeeping operations with greater monetary, equipment, and personnel commitments. Peace Science shows that the militarization of peacekeeping forces may protect civilians in the short-term but also carry unintended consequences. - [Civil Society & Grassroots Coalitions Are Leading Korean Peace Initiatives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/civil-society-grassroots-coalitions-are-leading-korean-peace-initiatives/) - Peace talks between North and South Korea have continued partially due to the massive support from civil society and grassroots activists. Peace research has shown the influence civil society has on both social and political issues-the more people come together in support of peace on the Korean Peninsula, the harder it becomes for world leaders to disagree. - ["The US Elected a Record Number of Women: Now they May Face Violence"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-us-elected-a-record-number-of-women-now-they-may-face-violence/) - Recent U.S. elections saw a steep rise in female political representation. This is a vital step towards greater gender equality and inclusion, but Juliana Restrepo Sanín points out a challenge: "in a political landscape increasingly marred by violence and bigotry, how can violence against politically-active women be prevented? Ensuring that elected women have the chance to represent their constituents and advance their political agenda in equal conditions as men is imperative if the principles of democracy are to be sustained." - [EPA Considers Rolling Back Radiation Exposure Protections](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/epa-considers-rolling-back-radiation-exposure-protections/) - The EPA is considering rolling back regulations on radiation exposure. This is a horrible idea, just ask the victims of nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific. - [Female Inclusion in Afghan Security Forces: “Get on board or get out — it’s happening”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/female-inclusion-in-afghan-security-forces-get-on-board-or-get-out-its-happening/) - Militarism, warfare, and the military itself all depend on gender hierarchies—the privileging of masculinity and its associated traits over femininity and its associated traits—to function. Women in Afghanistan are especially aware of this of sexism and inequality as they seek to join their country's military and police force. - [UNSCR 1325 Has Fallen Short of its "Transformative Potential"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/unscr-1325-has-fallen-short-of-its-transformative-potential/) - Eighteen years later, the "gender perspective" required by Resolution 1325 has fallen short of its transformative potential. Peace practitioners must turn their gender lenses inward to examine their own cultures and practices as potentially part of the dual problems of gender inequality and insecurity. - [Abandoning the INF Treaty Makes the World Less Secure](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/abandoning-the-inf-treaty-makes-the-world-less-secure/) - The United States has announced their withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty. Abandoning the treaty would make the world, especially Europe, less secure and mark another Cold-War-style arms race. - [Pitfalls of Top-Down Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/pitfalls-of-top-down-peacebuilding/) - The top-down approach to peacebuilding has largely failed at creating sustainable peace in places such as Afghanistan, Congo, Iraq, and South Sudan. Yet, a small Congolese island in Lake Kivu has kept the peace despite holding known prerequisites for violent conflict. Their success is largely due to an emphasis on the local's role in conflict transformation. - [In The United States, Right-Wing Terrorism Is On The Rise](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/in-the-united-states-right-wing-terrorism-is-on-the-rise/) - The number of terror attacks in the U.S. known to be motivated by right-wing ideologies has grown by over 35% in the last 7 years. Peace Science has found that symbolic targets, gender relations, and threats to identity and privilege are more important to motivating right-wing terrorism than objections to policy or material or economic factors. - [The Devastating Human & Economic Costs of Post-9/11 Wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-devastating-human-economic-costs-of-post-9-11-wars/) - A new report from Brown University's Cost of War project provides updated estimates on the devastating human and economic costs of the United State's post 9/11 wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. - [U.S. Moves Closer to Ending Military Support for War in Yemen](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/u-s-moves-closer-to-ending-military-support-for-war-in-yemen/) - This week, the U.S. Senate voted to consider ending America’s role in the Saudi-led war in Yemen. Such a move would mark an end to the United States participation in a civil war that has led to the death of thousands and suffering of millions. Though, peace science warns of the lasting effects of foreign military support. - [The Lasting Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Testing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-lasting-consequences-of-nuclear-weapons-testing/) - A new report from Pace University calls for more assistance for nuclear weapons test survivors from the states that conducted the tests. Peace Science has shown the devastating and lasting effects of nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific. - [Volume 3, Issue 5](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/vol_3_issue_5/) - Inside this issue, we examine research analyzing hundreds of civil war peace agreements that concludes that “complex” agreements are not necessarily better at keeping the peace than simpler ones. Next, we take a critical look at research on public support for military interventions and the motivations behind support for interventions conducted for “humanitarian” reasons. Third, through examining civics textbooks in Sri Lanka in the context of global peace education efforts, we consider how specific omissions and emphases in these textbooks have served the government’s goals, while failing to address the injustice and inequality still plaguing post-war Sri Lanka. Next, we discuss research finding that the primary peacekeeping tasks associated with preventing violence and protecting civilians can be effectively undertaken by unarmed peacekeepers, who are, furthermore, often able to address some of the shortcomings of their armed counterparts. Finally, the last analysis reflects on possible reasons for why past attempts at peace in South Sudan have failed, calling for more psycho-sociologically informed conflict interventions in the future. - [Peace Negotiations That Exclude Women Are More Likely To Fall Apart](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-negotiations-that-exclude-women-are-more-likely-to-fall-apart/) - Photo credit: U.N. Women Context: Women are underrepresented in peace talks. Peace Science shows how women’s inclusion in peacebuilding is crucial to the success and longevity of peace agreements and insight from Foreign Policy shows how the United Nations can work on inclusion. In the News: "To date, women are vastly underrepresented in formal peace negotiations, where - [Lessons Learned From Unsuccessful Conflict Intervention Strategies in South Sudan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/lessons-learned-from-unsuccessful-conflict-intervention-strategies-in-south-sudan/) - An approach to peacebuilding that focuses solely on elections, democracy, and power-sharing is not adequate and needs to be supplemented by reconciliation and relationship-building processes to facilitate a more sustainable peace. - [How A Feminist Ethic of Care Can Inform Feminist Foreign Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-a-feminist-ethic-of-care-can-inform-feminist-foreign-policy/) - This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Robinson, F. (2021). Feminist foreign policy as ethical foreign policy? A care ethics perspective. Journal of International Political Theory, 17(1), 20-37. Talking Points Mainstream approaches to feminist foreign policy may actually reinforce “gender power relations and Western liberal modes of domination” between the West and other - [Gender Equality Isn't A "Women's Issue"](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/gender-equality-isnt-a-womens-issue/) - Gender equality is everyone’s battle and it is critical that men understand that this includes them. Gender inequality has profound consequences for all of humanity--there is no area where this is more clear than in matters of peace and security. - [Military Analysts Argue to Close U.S. Bases Abroad](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-analysts-argue-to-close-u-s-military-bases-abroad/) - A bipartisan group of top military analysts has written to Congress and the Trump administration calling for the closure of U.S. military bases overseas, claiming the move would be an important step toward making the U.S. and the world more secure. - [War Finance Methods and Public Support for War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-finance-methods-and-public-support-for-war/) - War support is significantly reduced when war is financed through taxes instead of through borrowing money. - [An Interactive Approach to Explaining Success and Failure in the Arab Spring](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/an-interactive-approach-to-explaining-success-and-failure-in-the-arab-spring/) - The success or failure of a civil resistance movement is best understood within a dynamic framework that can account for the interactions between movement activists and the regime, particularly the bearing their respective tactics have on the unity and coherence of the other side. - [North Korea and the International Community: Triggers and Provocations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/north-korea-and-the-international-community-triggers-and-provocations/) - Anecdotal assumptions by government officials, academics, and the media about North Korean provocations as responses to U.S./Western triggers are not supported by data. - [Christian Peacemaker Teams’ Protection and Solidarity Work in Israel/Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/christian-peacemaker-teams-protection-and-solidarity-work-in-israel-palestine/) - Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) combines accompaniment work to protect vulnerable Palestinians with solidarity activities to support Palestinian nonviolent resistance movements. - [The Lived Experience of Violence in Afghanistan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-lived-experience-of-violence-in-afghanistan/) - In response to the regular occurrence of violence in Afghan society, Afghans have expressed helplessness, fear, widespread insecurity, and traumatization but also have learned to cope by normalizing violence, desensitizing themselves from it, and integrating it into their daily lives. - [Peace Journalism Done Right?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-journalism-done-right/) - Peace journalism must adapt coverage to the stages of conflict in order to be relevant, and can have long-term effects through consistent peace framing. - [The House Is On Fire, Should We Go To War? ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/house-fire-go-war/) - Diversionary conflicts during domestic unrest are more likely to target more powerful states, showing no evidence that traditional 'enemies' are targeted. - [Overcoming Barriers to Effective Knowledge Sharing in Peace Research and Policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/overcoming-barriers-to-effective-knowledge-sharing-in-peace-research-and-policy/) - Despite the expectation that peacebuilding scholars outline the practical implications of their research, there are numerous barriers to the successful transfer of this knowledge to those who can use it. - [Masculine Honor Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Aggression, War, and Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/masculine-honor-beliefs-and-attitudes-toward-aggression-war-and-peace/) - Individuals with high levels of masculine honor beliefs have more positive perceptions of war, higher levels of support for aggressive security policies, and lower levels of support for peacebuilding and diplomacy. - [After the War is Over: Group Dialog and Reconciliation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/after-the-war-is-over-group-dialog-and-reconciliation/) - Conflict narratives emphasizing blame or deflection can, counterintuitively, contribute to more conciliatory attitudes, especially if individuals have an opportunity to discuss them with others they trust. - [Influencing Armed Nonstate Actors to Comply with Humanitarian Norms](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/influencing-armed-nonstate-actors-to-comply-with-humanitarian-norms/) - Signing a commitment banning landmines appears to influence armed nonstate actors (ANSAs) away from the use of landmines, suggesting that deeds of commitment can influence ANSAs’ behavior. - [Sustaining Militarism and Enabling War in Liberal Societies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/sustaining-militarism-and-enabling-war-in-liberal-societies/) - Liberal democracies often justify their reliance on military force as necessary to maintaining freedom, as well as frame security threats in terms of the dangers posed to the everyday lives of regular people, such that individuals will be willing to give up some freedom for personal security. - [When Do Nonviolent Uprisings Prompt Mediation?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/when-do-nonviolent-uprisings-prompt-mediation/) - Nonviolent uprisings with radical flanks have a higher mediation rate—35%, as opposed to 14% for those uprisings without radical flanks—suggesting that movements with radical flanks may create greater incentives for mediation due to the “greater risks of negative externalities.” - [Towards Global Abolition: Nuclear Weapon Free Zones and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/towards-global-abolition-nuclear-weapon-free-zones-and-the-treaty-on-the-prohibition-of-nuclear-weapons/) - Nuclear Weapon Free Zones (NWFZs) have advanced the global movement against nuclear weapons by requiring—in at least one case—commitments from nuclear-armed countries to never use, test, or store their weapons within the NWFZ region. - [When Countries Import More Weapons, Are They More Likely to Go to War?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/when-countries-import-more-weapons-are-they-more-likely-to-go-to-war/) - In high-risk countries, an increase in weapons imports can significantly increase the likelihood that armed conflict will break out. - [Social Capital, the Reintegration of Ex-Combatants, and Peacebuilding in Post-War Liberia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/social-capital-the-reintegration-of-ex-combatants-and-peacebuilding-in-post-war-liberia/) - Social capital—in the form of trust, norms, and networks—is central to how the reintegration of ex-combatants has played out in post-war Liberia but also is itself a key product of these reintegration processes. - [Understanding Varieties of Nonviolent Civil Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/understanding-varieties-of-nonviolent-civil-resistance/) - Nonviolent tactics have varying resource needs, and organizations have varying capabilities and resources. Organizations are incentivized to diversify their nonviolent tactics when other organizations are active in the same movement. - [Critical Feminist Insights on Security, Militarism, and the Inclusion of Women in the Military](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/critical-feminist-insights-on-security-militarism-and-the-inclusion-of-women-in-the-military-2/) - Militarism, militarized security, warfare, and the military itself all depend on gender hierarchies—the privileging of masculinity and its associated traits over femininity and its associated traits—and “gendered myths and images” to function. - [Global/Local Interactions and Women’s Participation in Conflict and Peacebuilding in Bougainville](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/global-local-interactions-and-womens-participation-in-conflict-and-peacebuilding-in-bougainville/) - In the case of Bougainville, women leaders emphasized their peacebuilding role in the conflict, drawing on both local customs and norms—like their “maternal responsibility”—and global norms enshrined in UNSCR 1325 to buttress their participation in peace work. - [Weaponized Sexuality: Sexist and Homophobic Propaganda During the Russo-Ukrainian War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/weaponized-sexuality-sexist-and-homophobic-propaganda-during-the-russo-ukrainian-war/) - When supplemented with the promise of reseating Russia as a great world power, propaganda infused with state-sanctioned homophobia and praise for the traditional “macho” masculine ideology has successfully maintained public support for Russian military action against Ukraine. - [Challenges Implementing the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda in EU Peacekeeping](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/challenges-implementing-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-in-eu-peacekeeping/) - Planning staff in EU peacekeeping and crisis management missions maintain traditional understandings of security as a gender-neutral domain in relation to which “gender issues” are seen as an afterthought—not as essential to security work itself - [How Military Rivalries Impact Female Political Representation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-military-rivalries-impact-female-political-representation/) - When democratic countries are involved in an international rivalry, average female political representation is cut in half, from nearly 20% to 10%; when they are involved in two rivalries, female representation falls to 4%. - [Exploring the Complexities of Peace Agreement Design](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/exploring-the-complexities-of-peace-agreement-design/) - More complex peace agreements with a greater number of provisions correspond with a greater probability of failed implementation and of armed conflict recurrence. - [Civics Textbooks, Peace Education, and Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/civics-textbooks-peace-education-and-peacebuilding-in-sri-lanka/) - While Sri Lankan civics textbooks affirm global norms around peace and citizenship education in the abstract, they also simultaneously contradict and/or undermine these in various ways in service of the government’s agenda. - [What Drives Public Support for Humanitarian Interventions?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-drives-public-support-for-humanitarian-interventions/) - In the United States, military interventions conducted for humanitarian objectives receive significantly higher public support than interventions serving security interests. - [Assessing Armed and Unarmed Approaches to Peacekeeping](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping/) - Unarmed civilian peacekeeping (UCP) has successfully engaged in the tasks traditionally associated with peacekeeping, demonstrating that peacekeeping does not require military personnel or the presence of weapons to carry out its violence prevention and civilian protection functions; furthermore, UCP can fulfill these functions in a way that also addresses some of the shortcomings of armed military peacekeeping. - [From Water Scarcity to Conflict or Cooperation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/from-water-scarcity-to-conflict-or-cooperation/) - Although it can be a factor that exacerbates conflict, water scarcity in transboundary river basins can also provide incentives and opportunities for greater cooperation between countries. - [Volume 3, Issue 6](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/https-peacesciencedigest-org-wp-content-uploads-2019-01-v3-issue-6-pdf/) - Inside this issue, we start with an article that addresses the rationale for the existence of the Digest: the growing communication gap between practitioner and academic communities, and how addressing this gap can lead to more informed and useful research. Next, we look at research on Gender Advisors in militaries and their role in the United Nations’ Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. The third analysis gives us a look into a new course that uses podcasts to help teach complex topics on peace and war, and how emerging technologies can be a useful tool in peace education. We then turn to a case study analysis on the 2013/14 “Kerry Initiative” in Palestine and Israel, exploring the important and delicate role of third parties during conflict negotiation processes. The last analysis addresses the European Union’s efforts to incorporate inclusive peacebuilding projects in Georgia and Yemen and highlights the important “Whole-of-Society” approach that works to include marginalized communities into the peacebuilding process. - [Local Capacities for Preventing and Rejecting Violent Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/local-capacities-for-preventing-and-rejecting-violent-conflict/) - The very existence of peaceful societies demonstrates that communities have options and agency even in the broader context of wartime violence. - [How the Paris Agreement Can Help Us Get to a Low-Carbon Global Economy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-the-paris-agreement-can-help-us-get-to-a-low-carbon-global-economy/) - The Paris Agreement’s most significant departure from the Kyoto Protocol was the shift from top-down, legally binding emissions targets to bottom-up, voluntary pledges on emission cuts, opening the way for reluctant parties to get on board and for the climate agreement to articulate more ambitious goals. - [What to Do When Negotiations Are Premature: Learning From the 2013-2014 “Kerry Initiative” in Israel/Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-to-do-when-negotiations-are-premature-learning-from-the-2013-2014-kerry-initiative-in-israel-palestine/) - The Israeli/Palestinian peace process facilitated by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2013-2014 failed for various reasons. - [Teaching War and Peace Through Podcasts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/teaching-war-and-peace-through-podcasts/) - Developing podcasts helps students humanize the study of war and peace, as they contend with the concrete ways in which conflicts manifest themselves in the lives of real human beings. - [Gender Advisors in NATO Militaries](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/gender-advisors-in-nato-militaries/) - Assuming they have adequate resources, gender advisors can achieve incremental success in integrating the Women, Peace and Security agenda into the institutional structure of the military. - [Breach in Ceasefire Threatens Peace in South Sudan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/breach-in-ceasefire-threatens-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Now in its 5th year, the conflict in South Sudan has claimed tens of thousands of lives, displaced more than four million, and is one of the main causes of hunger in the country. - [Recent Terror Attack in Syria Associated With U.S. Troop Presence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/recent-terror-attack-in-syria-associated-with-u-s-troop-presence/) - Foreign military presence increases the likelihood of terror attacks, especially suicide bombings like this week's attack against U.S. troops in Syria. - [Considering Links Between Gender, Climate Change, and Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/considering-links-between-gender-climate-change-and-conflict/) - Gender—along with other social identities—positions women and men in particular ways in relation to power and influences both how vulnerable or adaptive they are to environmental change and how they experience violent conflict and its transformation. - [Rethinking the Climate-Conflict Relationship](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/rethinking-the-climate-conflict-relationship/) - In 2016 and 2017, Eastern Africa experienced a drought that most experts believe to be linked to global climate change. - [Exploring the Relationships Between Climate Change, Migration, and Violent Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/exploring-the-relationships-between-climate-change-migration-and-violent-conflict/) - When climate change is framed as a security threat, it is often due to assumptions about how changes in the climate will cause mass migration, which will itself precipitate violent conflict. - [More Civilian Casualties, Less Support for Military Action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/more-civilian-casualties-less-support-for-military-action/) - People care about deaths in war, whether the killing of their own soldiers or the killing of foreign civilians, which affects their support for military action. - [Assessing the Shift from Liberal Peacebuilding to Counterterrorism and Stabilization Operations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/assessing-the-shift-from-liberal-peacebuilding-to-counterterrorism-and-stabilization-operations/) - More militarized UN peacekeeping mandates do not address the root causes of conflict and can contribute to cycles of violence and terrorist recruitment. - [Women's Ethnic Organizations, Representation, and Informal Peacebuilding in Myanmar](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/womens-ethnic-organizations-representation-and-informal-peacebuilding-in-myanmar/) - Women play a crucial role in building peace at the grassroots level in Myanmar, even if they are not represented adequately in the formal peace talks. - [Making Civil Resistance Work against Rightwing Populism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/making-civil-resistance-work-against-rightwing-populism/) - The focus of civil resistance movements on ousting rightwing populist leaders is counterproductive because it plays into narratives of “us vs. them” and hampers efforts to gain broad-based support by polarizing supporters and detractors of rightwing populism. - [More Women in Government, Less Corruption, More Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/more-women-in-government-less-corruption-more-peace/) - When governments are less corrupt and have high levels of women’s participation, they are better able to promote and support peacebuilding. - [Consequences of Excluding Armed Actors from Peace Negotiations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/consequences-of-excluding-armed-actors-from-peace-negotiations/) - The exclusion of some rebel groups from peace negotiations can perpetuate civil war, rather than hastening a resolution. - [West African Zones of Peace and Local Peacebuilding Initiatives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/) - In the context of civil war in Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone, the line between “armed actors” and “communities” was porous, creating a situation where peacebuilders spanning these categories in some cases had special access to armed actors for the purposes of negotiation. - [When Countries Increase Their Military Budgets, They Decrease Public Health Spending](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/when-countries-increase-their-military-budgets-they-decrease-public-health-spending/) - When military spending increases by 1%, spending on health decreases by 0.62%. - [Nonviolent Movements for Social Change Considered More Moral and Supportable](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-movements-for-social-change-considered-more-moral-and-supportable/) - Reformists in Iran were more willing to support and join a hypothetical Green Movement in the future if it were to use nonviolent rather than violent strategies. - [From Encountering the "Other Side" to Social Change Activism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/from-encountering-the-other-side-to-social-change-activism/) - Organizations that bring together people from multiple sides of a conflict can play an important role in motivating participants to become activists for social change. - [Traditional Governance and the Maintenance of Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/traditional-governance-and-the-maintenance-of-peace-in-sub-saharan-africa/) - Traditional governance, including local chiefs, kings, or conflict resolution mechanisms, can play a powerful role in maintaining peace if it is integrated with the public administration of the state (a scenario called "institutional hybridity"). - ["Uncivil" Society Organizations in Bougainville and Timor-Leste: Subverting Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Settings](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/uncivil-society-organizations-in-bougainville-and-timor-leste-subverting-transitional-justice-in-post-conflict-settings/) - In Bougainville and Timor-Leste, uncivil society groups were composed of ex-combatants and/or marginalized communities who felt that they were excluded from the peace and reconciliation process. - [The Unintended Consequences of UN Peacekeeping's Use of Security Contractors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-unintended-consequences-of-un-peacekeepings-use-of-security-contractors/) - The UN's heavy reliance on security contractors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) results in more money for institutions and groups that are perceived as corrupt and/or sources of insecurity for many Congolese people. - [Resisting Exclusionary Nationalism During the Bosnian War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/resisting-exclusionary-nationalism-during-the-bosnian-war/) - The city of Tuzla was able to resist exclusionary nationalist forces during the Bosnian War due to its identity formation from 1878 to 1990 as a “multi-ethnic working class society with strong anti-fascist, anti-nationalist ideals.” - [Challenges to Integrating Refugees into the Formal Economy in Jordan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/challenges-to-integrating-refugees-into-the-formal-economy-in-jordan/) - The Jordan Compact is a work program for Syrian refugees created by the Government of Jordan and numerous international partners that frames refugees not just as “objects of humanitarian care” but as “unused human capital, which can be made productive.” - [What Makes Some Refugees More Likely to be Approached for Armed Group Recruitment?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-makes-some-refugees-more-likely-to-be-approached-for-armed-group-recruitment/) - Refugees who exhibited a greater degree of relative economic deprivation, who knew someone who had been recruited into an armed group, or who had previous combat experience were more likely than others to be approached for recruitment into armed groups. - [The Importance of Contact Between Refugees and Host Communities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-importance-of-contact-between-refugees-and-host-communities/) - Contact with refugees is associated with a 50% increase in one’s likelihood to strongly support the country’s hosting of refugees and a doubling of one’s likelihood to be willing to hire or to allow one’s children to marry refugees compared to someone who does not have such contact. - [The Refugee Crisis and Seeing the World Through the Eyes of Others](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-refugee-crisis-and-seeing-the-world-through-the-eyes-of-others/) - Local people take perspectives on refugees by 1) imagining themselves as the foreign "other" or in the refugee situation or 2) making assumptions about the foreign "other" or the refugee situation. - [How Feelings Make Military Checkpoints Even More Dangerous for Civilians in Iraq](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-feelings-make-military-checkpoints-even-more-dangerous-for-civilians-in-iraq/) - An average of one Iraqi civilian was killed at a coalition checkpoint each day between 2006 and 2007. - [Barriers to Peace for Women in Nepal and Bosnia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/barriers-to-peace-for-women-in-nepal-and-bosnia/) - Women find innovative ways to build peace in their daily lives, significantly supplementing formal peacebuilding initiatives. - [From Dialogue to Broader Societal Change in Bosnia-Herzegovina](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/from-dialogue-to-broader-societal-change-in-bosnia-herzegovina/) - Dialogue projects have also been able to positively affect the broader sociopolitical context in BiH, largely through the work of affiliated alumni action groups who have engaged in joint action and activism to address societal problems, thereby demonstrating “that it is possible to bridge ethnic divides.” - [Beyond Armed Conflict: Exploring Broader Understandings of Reconciliation in Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/beyond-armed-conflict-exploring-broader-understandings-of-reconciliation-in-colombia/) - There are fairly evenly split views on the possibility of reconciliation with former combatants, as well as varied opinions (sometimes along gender, income, education level, and/or regional lines) on which activities would foster reconciliation and how willing respondents would be to come into close contact with former combatants. - [Threats, Public Support, and Military Intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/threats-public-support-and-military-intervention/) - “[W]hether public opinion is a constraint on military action or an effect of threats strongly depends on the primary objective of the military operation and whether or not the threats to a state’s national interests are clear and tangible.” - [Diaspora Support for Militant Groups Contributes to a Shift Towards Nonviolence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/diaspora-support-for-militant-groups-contributes-to-a-shift-towards-nonviolence/) - Diaspora support for militant groups is associated with a 7% increased probability that the militant group will shift towards nonviolent tactics. - [Uncovering the Extent and Nature of Sexual Violence in Wartime Sri Lanka](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/uncovering-the-extent-and-nature-of-sexual-violence-in-wartime-sri-lanka/) - A list experiment is an effective research method for uncovering sensitive information, as its use suggests that sexual violence was much more prevalent during the Sri Lankan civil war (affecting about 13.4% of the population) than direct questioning would indicate (at 1.4% of the population). - [Limiting State Violence and Activist Violence in Nonviolent Resistance Struggles](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/limiting-state-violence-and-activist-violence-in-nonviolent-resistance-struggles/) - Limiting both state violence and activist violence in the context of a civil resistance struggle is important to movement success. - [Movement Violence Can Lead to a Decline in Public Support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/movement-violence-can-lead-to-a-decline-in-public-support/) - In Barcelona, a four-day-long riot associated with 15-M led to an overall 12-point decline in public support for the movement. - [Masculinities, Militarization, and Myth-Making in Post-Genocide Rwanda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/masculinities-militarization-and-myth-making-in-post-genocide-rwanda/) - Certain gendered myths—like the “gentleman soldier” and “women as peacebuilders”—were used by the Rwandan Defense Forces to re-assert traditional gender roles. - [Sharing Family Photos Elicits Inter-Group Dialogue Among Arabs and Israelis](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/sharing-family-photos-elicits-inter-group-dialogue-among-arabs-and-israelis/) - Photo-monologues and photo-dialogues were a useful educational tool to help Israeli and Palestinian students empathize with each other over shared familial trauma associated with migration to or from Israel. - [What is Environmental Peacebuilding?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-is-environmental-peacebuilding/) - Environmental peacebuilding is an emerging field that views conflict over environmental resources as an opportunity for conflicting parties to cooperate with one another and, ultimately, work towards establishing a lasting and sustainable peace. - [Violence, Intergroup Bias, and Dehumanization in South Sudan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/violence-intergroup-bias-and-dehumanization-in-south-sudan/) - There was evidence of only “mechanistic dehumanization” among Dinka respondents towards Nuer and no evidence of any form of dehumanization among Nuer respondents towards Dinka. - [DIASPORA: Local Elites Hold Negative Views of Diaspora as Peacebuilders in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/diaspora-local-elites-hold-negative-views-of-diaspora-as-peacebuilders-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/) - In most cases, local elites hold a negative view of the role of the diaspora in peacebuilding and, at best, view diaspora engagement as limited to economic development. - [Militarism Is a Threat to Democracy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarism-is-a-threat-to-democracy/) - In the context of OECD countries over the time period of 2010-2016, militarism has an adverse impact on democracy over time. - [Militarizing Women's Rights in Jordan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarizing-womens-rights-in-jordan/) - Women’s rights activists in Jordan understood that making progress on women’s rights legislation was contingent on navigating a militarized political landscape where a protectionist narrative of women’s rights would make legislation more likely to pass. - [Nonviolent Resistance Movements, National Identity, and Security Force Defection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-resistance-movements-national-identity-and-security-force-defection/) - A cohesive national identity may be necessary for nonviolent movement success but does not itself fully explain why some such movements succeed while others fail. - [FEMALE RELIGIOUS ACTORS: Religious Knowledge as a Source of Legitimacy for Women Peacebuilders in Afghanistan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/female-religious-actors-religious-knowledge-as-a-source-of-legitimacy-for-women-peacebuilders-in-afghanistan/) - Women comprised less than a quarter of the Afghan religious peacebuilders network examined, and most of them were engaged in peacebuilding work focused on education, including teaching peace and conflict resolution from an Islamic perspective or raising awareness in their spheres of influence about what Islamic sacred texts say about peace. - [INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Working Together (or Not) in Peacebuilding and Civilian Crisis Response](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/international-organizations-working-together-or-not-in-peacebuilding-and-civilian-crisis-response/) - EU, UN, and OSCE civilian missions could do much more to fully capitalize on the potential for “synergy” in their work, through more systematic exchange of capabilities like staff, mission support, equipment, funding, or political and diplomatic support. - [BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS: What Contributes to a Successful Business-Peace Initiative?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/business-associations-what-contributes-to-a-successful-business-peace-initiative/) - Business-peace initiatives can be successful: 64% of respondents reported improved social fabric in their community, and 80% identified at least one positive economic outcome of the project. - [YOUTH: Why are Youth Overlooked and Underutilized in Peacebuilding Movements? Lessons from the African Great Lakes Region](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/youth-why-are-youth-overlooked-and-underutilized-in-peacebuilding-movements-lessons-from-the-african-great-lakes-region/) - Youth organizations are particularly capable of positively contributing to peace because of their varied conceptualizations of peace, which foster multidimensional approaches to peacebuilding, and their ability to integrate indigenous knowledge into their conflict resolution efforts. - [Is Transitional Justice Helpful or Harmful to Peacebuilding? A Case Study of Kenya](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/is-transitional-justice-helpful-or-harmful-to-peacebuilding-a-case-study-of-kenya/) - Lack of local ownership and elite interference in the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) and International Criminal Court (ICC) transitional justice initiatives constrained the peacebuilding agenda because victims of electoral violence were not able to achieve justice, a critical element of reconciliation. - [What Accounts for the Shift from Nonviolent to Violent Resistance in the Syrian Uprising?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-accounts-for-the-shift-from-nonviolent-to-violent-resistance-in-the-syrian-uprising/) - Three central mechanisms help explain the turn to violent resistance: emotional mechanisms (fear and anger as motivation for self-defense and revenge, respectively), material mechanisms (“the availability of weapons”), and practice mechanisms (“previous experience, training, and organizational capabilities in violence”). - [Disobedient Peace as a Form of Non-Cooperation With an Inhumane Social Order](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/disobedient-peace-as-a-form-of-non-cooperation-with-an-inhumane-social-order/) - Disobedient peace is about developing knowledge collectively through reflection and action, questioning taken-for-granted assumptions about a complex social order and obedience to authority, and developing a moral identity and action plans to disobey inhumane social orders. - [La Paz Desobediente como Forma de Non-Cooperacion con un Orden Social Inhumano](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/la-paz-desobediente-como-forma-de-non-cooperacion-con-un-orden-social-inhumano/) - La paz desobediente trata acerca de desarrollar colectivamente conocimiento por medio de la reflexión y la acción, poniendo en tela de juicio algunos supuestos aceptados tácitamente sobre un orden social complejo y la obediencia a la autoridad, y fortaleciendo una identidad moral y planes de acción para desobedecer las órdenes sociales inhumanas. - [Military Aid Worsens Human Rights Conditions in Post-Conflict Countries](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-aid-worsens-human-rights-conditions-in-post-conflict-countries/) - Arms transfers and military aid from foreign countries (collectively referred to as foreign security assistance) is associated with poor human rights conditions, including violations of physical integrity rights such as torture, extrajudicial killings, disappearances, political imprisonment and executions, and genocide/politicide. - [Racial Justice in Peace and Security: Our commitment to do better](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/racial-justice-in-peace-and-security-our-commitment-to-do-better/) - Reflecting on our role as peace scholars and practitioners, we realize that our work has focused too narrowly on conflict dynamics and violence prevention abroad and has failed to adequately address those same dynamics in our communities at home. - [Presence of UN Police Associated With Nonviolent Protests in Post-Civil War Countries](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/presence-of-un-police-associated-with-nonviolent-protests-in-post-civil-countries/) - Countries with UN peacekeeping operations have more nonviolent protests than countries without UN peacekeepers, particularly if those peacekeeping missions include UN police (UNPOL) - [The Displacement of Traditional Policing Through Community-Based Anti-Violence Initiatives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-displacement-of-traditional-policing-through-community-based-anti-violence-initiatives/) - Two prominent non-police anti-violence models—the public health and community empowerment models—“hold promise… as community-centered replacements for, or alternatives to, the use or threat of police violence and incarceration as the primary means to control and reduce criminal violence.” - [Yemeni National Dialogues—Lessons Learned](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/yemeni-national-dialogues-lessons-learned/) - In Yemen, absence of trust has been a serious impediment to the success of national dialogue processes in the past; therefore, any future process must include a “slow start” to establish basic levels of trust among involved parties. - [Peacebuilding Within a Global Conflict System](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peacebuilding-within-a-global-conflict-system/) - Peacebuilding efforts always take place within—and are deeply constrained by—the global conflict system, whereby violence and peace coexist and mutually reinforce one another both within and between countries, privileging the few (“at peace”) at the expense of the many (subject to “rampant” structural violence and cultural violence, as well as the direct violence to which these often give rise). - [Is Leadership Decapitation Effective at Sustainably Ending Civil War?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/is-leadership-decapitation-effective-at-sustainably-ending-civil-war/) - Leadership decapitation is only effective at terminating a civil war without risk of recurrence when coupled with a military victory by the government, otherwise there is a good chance the rebel group will regroup and continue fighting at a later dat - [Identifying the Most Effective Form of Intervention to Mitigate Mass Atrocities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/identifying-the-most-effective-form-of-intervention-to-mitigate-mass-atrocities/) - The type of violence characterizing mass atrocities—ethnic identity-based violence or violence against political opponents—influences the effectiveness of different forms of intervention to mitigate mass atrocity violence. - [Examining Gender and Race Through the Experience of Female Humanitarian Workers in Afghanistan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/examining-gender-and-race-through-the-experience-of-female-humanitarian-workers-in-afghanistan/) - In Afghanistan, some women from “liberal democracies” report experiencing a “third gender”—whereby, if they act as equals to their male counterparts, they “are masculinized, and not real women but something else,” providing them with a measure of freedom and access in this context. - [Environmental Cooperation as Peacebuilding Between North and South Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/environmental-cooperation-as-peacebuilding-between-north-and-south-korea/) - The persisting environmental cooperation between the two Koreas in forestry is due to North Korea’s motivation to cooperate on environmental issues and the intermediary role played by South Korean and international non-state actors with ties to the South Korean government. - [The Link Between Local- and National-Level Peacebuilding After Military Victory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-link-between-local-and-national-level-peacebuilding-after-military/) - Local peacebuilding risks being co-opted by national-level elites who may benefit from a depoliticized focus on the local level—“interpersonal harmony and everyday interaction”—as it takes pressure off the need to address difficult national-level issues. - [Recognizing the Hidden Politics of Local Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/recognizing-the-hidden-politics-of-local-peacebuilding/) - A Western ideal of “the local” can be a site of exclusion where local actors have different levels of power, enabling some locals to govern the conduct and participation of other, less powerful locals. - [How International Law Facilitates the Bombing of Civilians in the U.S. War on Terror](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-international-law-facilitates-the-bombing-of-civilians-in-the-u-s-war-on-terror/) - The Obama Administration constructed the concept of frontier territories­—areas that are out of state control but fall within a state’s territorial boundaries—to “sidestep legal constraints” in the use of military force and “cover up what many would consider extra-legal behavior” in U.S. drone warfare. - [Creating the “Problem of Extremism”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/creating-the-problem-of-extremism/) - The turn from the GWOT to CVE, with its focus on prevention, broadened the monitoring mandate of security agencies, enabling them to apply tactics based on the assumption that anyone (but mostly the most traditionally marginalized) can be a potential “terrorist” or “extremist,” thereby justifying surveillance, intelligence gathering, and other civil rights violations of so-called suspects. - [Interfaith Peace Movements as Counter-Movements to Radical Buddhist Nationalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/interfaith-peace-movements-as-counter-movements-to-radical-buddhist-nationalism/) - Although widely perceived to be weaker than and largely reactive to the Buddhist nationalist movements they oppose, interfaith peace movements “constitute important counter-voices” to these movements, finding creative ways to challenge their narratives and activities even within existing constraints. - [Artificial Intelligence in U.S. Counterterrorism and the Inescapable Fog of (Endless) War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/artificial-intelligence-in-u-s-counterterrorism-and-the-inescapable-fog-of-endless-war/) - Far from improving accuracy and “situational awareness,” the use of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) technology in U.S. counterterrorism operations simply compounds problems that already exist around the criteria for determining who constitutes a “threat.” - [Travel as a Catalyst for Social Impact and Peacebuilding: The Work of Philanthropy without Borders](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/travel-as-a-catalyst-for-social-impact-and-peacebuilding-the-work-of-philanthropy-without-borders/) - Both travel and philanthropy, in their distinct ways, entail encounters between people from different cultures, backgrounds, and/or life experiences. Given the right conditions, these encounters can serve as a catalyst for positive social change. - [Building Peace from the Middle: The Critical Work of National Brain Trusts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-peace-from-the-middle-the-critical-work-of-national-brain-trusts/) - Strategies for building sustainable peace after violent conflict tend to focus on two levels of leaders: national elites who negotiate peace agreements and community actors who oversee local mediation and reconciliation efforts - [Changing How We Understand and Prevent Identity-Based Violence: The Work of Protection Approaches](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/changing-how-we-understand-and-prevent-identity-based-violence-the-work-of-protection-approaches/) - Protection Approaches wants to change the way the world thinks about identity-based violence and how we respond to and prevent it. - [Photography in War-Torn Communities as a Tool for Peace? A Project by Everyday Peace Indicators](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/photography-in-war-torn-communities-as-a-tool-for-peace-a-project-by-everyday-peace-indicators/) - Working in partnership with the Colombian Truth Commission (Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition), the Everyday Peace Indicators are seeking to support state-wide efforts to assess and improve Colombia’s implementation of peace processes. - [Digital Interventions to Interrupt Hate Online: The Work of Moonshot](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/digital-interventions-to-interrupt-hate-online-the-work-of-moonshot/) - Moonshot is a global social enterprise working to end online harms, applying evidence, ethics, and human rights to this endeavor. - [Brain and Behavioral Science-Informed Peacebuilding: The Work of Beyond Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/brain-and-behavioral-science-informed-peacebuilding-the-work-of-beyond-conflict/) - Innovation in peacebuilding has left brain and behavioral science largely unexplored. Beyond Conflict seeks to change that. - [Thinking About “Safety” and “Security”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/thinking-about-safety-and-security/) - Due to a broader context of militarism, “security” has become closely associated with military and/or armed approaches to defense and protection. - [Familiarity as a Means of Protecting the Community Against Atrocity Crimes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/familiarity-as-a-means-of-protecting-the-community-against-atrocity-crimes/) - In the context of violence in South Sudan, civilians leveraged relationships to overcome protection gaps left by external actors. - [The Role of Community Gender Norms and Relations in Both Mobilizing and Preventing Violence in Jos, Nigeria](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-role-of-community-gender-norms-and-relations-in-both-mobilizing-and-preventing-violence-in-jos-nigeria/) - Different norms of masculinity, and the broader community’s cultivation of these, as well as women’s roles in encouraging or mitigating violence, significantly influence whether a community will mobilize for violence or resist participation in violence amidst communal conflict. - [Beyond Victims or Peacebuilders: Women's Participation in Security in Mathare, Kenya](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/beyond-victims-or-peacebuilders-womens-participation-in-security-in-mathare-kenya/) - When women’s contributions are overlooked due to an overwhelming focus on men’s security activities, “gendered political participation, social relations and socio-economic inequalities” are also overlooked as key components of security. - [Colombia in Focus: The ICRC's Support for Communities' Self-Protection Efforts in Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/colombia-in-focus-the-icrcs-support-for-communities-self-protection-efforts-in-colombia/) - Communities and the ICRC have complementary protection capacities, with each “open[ing] up opportunities for dialogue with armed groups” in different ways. - [A Trauma-Informed Healing Approach to Urban Gun Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/a-trauma-informed-healing-approach-to-urban-gun-violence/) - A public health-informed approach acknowledging racial trauma and emphasizing individual healing is a promising way to address urban gun violence. - [Colombia in Focus: Informing Practice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/colombia-in-focus-informing-practice/) - Contrary to mainstream thinking, armed actors are sensitive to more than just the threat or use of violence against them. When contemplating ways to protect civilians in the context of armed conflict, both local communities and external organizations can leverage multiple nonviolent forms of influence in their interactions with armed actors. - [Local Knowledge Disparaged in Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/local-knowledge-disparaged-in-peacebuilding/) - Because the United Nations (UN) places higher value in the career advancement process on professional skills like business management than on local knowledge, and the career trajectory of peacebuilders often includes rotations through various UN agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the broader field of peacebuilding is discouraged from valuing and integrating local knowledge. - [The Importance of Local/International Relationship-Building to Peacebuilding in Bougainville and Sierra Leone](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-important-of-local-international-relationship-building-to-peacebuilding-in-bougainville-and-sierra-leone/) - Since relationships are so critical to peacebuilding processes and outcomes, peacebuilding practitioners should focus on building strong relationships with local partners and stakeholders informed by genuine dialogue, cultural sensitivity, and self-reflection. - [The Role of National Identity in American Responses to Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-role-of-national-identity-in-american-responses-to-terrorism/) - The U.S. response to terrorism, both domestic and transnational, has been rooted in ontological security, meaning that a state will seek to protect and perpetuate its own national identity, resulting in the U.S. government historically overlooking terrorism perpetrated by right-wing groups that aligned with a dominant American national identity. - [Power and Co-optation in Protester-Police Interactions in Nonviolent Protest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/power-and-co-optation-in-protester-police-interactions-in-nonviolent-protest/) - In South Africa, “dialogue policing” and other seemingly benign “soft-policing” tactics during protests ultimately serve the interests of the state. - [Why Do Some Protests Escalate to Violence?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/why-do-some-protests-escalate-to-violence/) - A protest is more likely to escalate to violence a) the more recently it has faced state repression and b) when it is spontaneous rather than well-organized. - [Why Do Individuals Support Political Violence?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/why-do-individuals-support-political-violence/) - When aggrieved individuals perceive that their political activities make a difference, they are less likely to support political violence to change the status quo, meaning that this sense of “political efficacy” is a moderating factor in individuals’ likelihood to support political violence. - [Does Increasing the Number of UN Peacekeepers Prevent Forced Displacement?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/does-increasing-the-number-of-un-peacekeepers-prevent-forced-displacement/) - An increase in the number of peacekeepers in an area did not reduce the number of incidences of forced displacement or the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) fleeing that same area. - [Experiences of Structural Violence in the Stories of Undocumented Latinas in the U.S.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/experiences-of-structural-violence-in-the-stories-of-undocumented-latinas-in-the-u-s/) - A selected group of undocumented Latina immigrants in the U.S. reported experiencing direct and indirect violence; and negative physical and emotional consequences from violence. - [Does Security Force Fragmentation Make Defections More or Less Likely?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/does-security-force-fragmentation-make-defections-more-or-less-likely/) - The kind of security force fragmentation matters when it comes to how likely security forces are to defect in the face of a violent or nonviolent uprising. - [The Status of Civil Society Influences Whether Democracy Aid Spurs Civil War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-status-of-civil-society-influences-whether-democracy-aid-spurs-civil-war/) - Foreign democracy aid increases the likelihood of violence in contexts where civil society organizations (CSOs) are weaker—where these groups have faced state repression and/or exclusion, or where they exhibit low trust in the government’s commitment to democratic reforms. - [Women Acting to Dismantle Violent Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/women-acting-to-dismantle-violent-extremism/) - “Violent extremism” must be reconsidered from the standpoint of local women, rather than from a “narrow, Western-centric, and male-dominated” perspective—a move that reveals, in the context of Iraq and Syria, the inclusion under that label of violence attributed not only to Salafi-Jihadist groups but also to government forces, “government-affiliated militias,” and patriarchy. - [Local Insecurity in Post-Peace Accord Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/local-insecurity-in-post-peace-accord-colombia/) - Differing perceptions of security between local communities and state security actors have important implications for local peacebuilding—namely, for how international, national, and local state and non-state actors can support peacebuilding in contexts with on-going violence by using the “‘local’ [as] a point of departure” for designing security and peacebuilding strategies. - [Existing Peace Systems Demonstrate Peaceful Intergroup and International Relationships Are Possible](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/existing-peace-systems-demonstrate-peaceful-intergroup-and-international-relationships-are-possible/) - The existence of peace systems, defined as “clusters of neighboring societies that do not make war with each other,” demonstrates that peaceful intergroup and international relationships are possible. - [Evaluating Conflict Transformation in the Nigerian Oil Region](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/evaluating-conflict-transformation-in-the-nigerian-oil-region/) - The disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) program in the Nigerian oil region brought forth changes for ex-insurgents and community members across four levels to some extent—cultural, intrapersonal, structural, and interpersonal (CISI)—though interpersonal change did not extend to all conflict parties, hindering the conflict transformation potential of the program. - [The Disruptive and Visionary Peacebuilding Discourse of U.S. Representative Barbara Lee](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-disruptive-and-visionary-peacebuilding-discourse-of-u-s-representative-barbara-lee/) - The dual dimensions of Rep. Lee’s peacebuilding discourse—critique but also envisioning a just and peaceful society grounded in the needs of underrepresented communities—shape her unique contributions as a congressperson. - [The Role of Transformative Reparations in Building Justice and Sustainable Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-role-of-transformative-reparations-in-building-justice-and-sustainable-peace/) - To facilitate conflict transformation and sustainable peace, reparations must more fully address distributive justice and socio-economic harms and grievances on the collective level, rather than only corrective justice and civil/political rights violations on the individual level. - [Prisons as a Training Ground for Nonviolent Resistance in Protracted Conflicts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/prisons-as-a-training-ground-for-nonviolent-resistance-in-protracted-conflicts/) - In protracted conflict contexts where governments use mass incarceration as a form of social control, prisons become a site for nonviolent resistance as revealed in the three cases examined:­ Northern Ireland, Israel-Palestine, and South Africa. - [How Security Discourses Shape Responses to Environmental Insecurity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-security-discourses-shape-responses-to-environmental-insecurity/) - Whether and how issues—including environmental issues—are “securitized” (framed and understood as security concerns) matters for how these are subsequently addressed, especially since naming something as a security concern tends to demand urgent action. - [African Religious Philosophy as a Resource for Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/african-religious-philosophy-as-a-resource-for-peacebuilding/) - Conflict resolution approaches drawing on traditional African religious philosophy—especially in the form of proverbs and art symbols that express the social values and moral codes ordering society—can complement and even substitute for formal political institutions and actors, “infusing some creativity, innovation and sustainability” into peacemaking efforts on the continent. - [How Successful Was the Global War on Terror? Evidence of a Backlash Effect](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-successful-was-the-global-war-on-terror-evidence-of-a-backlash-effect/) - The backlash of retaliatory transnational terrorist attacks experienced by coalition countries demonstrates the Global War on Terror did not meet its key objective of keeping citizens safe from terrorism. - [Militarization Through Civilian National Security Neglect](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarization-through-civilian-national-security-neglect/) - In Brazil, civilian authorities failed to advance a comprehensive national security policy and deferred to the military in the areas of intelligence, public safety, and border control—which help to maintain military priorities in the security sector and expand the military’s role in public life. - [Which Women’s Rights? Exploring Gender and Peace in Afghanistan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/which-womens-rights-exploring-gender-and-peace-in-afghanistan/) - Rural villagers understood girls’ access to education and women’s economic opportunities outside the home as indicators of everyday peace. - [Everyday Racism and Violence in Brazil’s Favelas](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/everyday-racism-and-violence-in-brazils-favelas/) - Racism has a significant impact on favela residents’ daily lives, visibly through police killings but also invisibly through everyday interactions of discrimination and distrust. - [The Role of Group Identity in Initiating, Sustaining, and Disengaging from Participation in Violent Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-role-of-group-identity-in-initiating-sustaining-and-disengaging-from-participation-in-violent-extremism/) - Although participation in violent extremism is often thought of as ideologically driven, it is better understood as driven by a need for identity and belonging. - [Researching the Causes of Radicalization and Violent Extremism: What Do We Know?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/researching-the-causes-of-radicalization-and-violent-extremism-what-do-we-know/) - Peer-reviewed research on radicalization and violent extremism identifies a “basic structure of the process of radicalization” where an individual has “real or perceived political grievance(s),” perceives participation in violent extremism as somehow appealing or beneficial, and has a “personal vulnerability” expressed as certain personality traits or a mental health concern. - [The Human Experience of Counterterrorism in the Global War on Terror (GWOT)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-human-experience-of-counterterrorism-in-the-global-war-on-terror-gwot/) - Violence prevention policy-making must start from an understanding of the lived experience of communities most affected by the GWOT in order to not be complicit in harmful and structurally racist policies. - [Military Response to Boko Haram Has Prolonged Conflict in Lake Chad Region](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-response-to-boko-haram-has-prolonged-conflict-in-lake-chad-region/) - The Nigerian military response and local politics contribute more to the resilience of Boko Haram and the protraction of the conflict in the Lake Chad region than Boko Haram’s affiliation with the Islamic State does. - [Push and Pull Factors in Disengagement from Islamic Extremist Organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/push-and-pull-factors-in-disengagement-from-islamic-extremist-organizations/) - No single factor explains why people withdraw from high-risk activism or political violence; disengagement typically happens because of growing disagreements over time as opposed to singular triggering events. - [Lessons Learned from the Law Enforcement Response to Far-Right Terrorism: Insights for a More Effective Approach](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/lessons-learned-from-the-law-enforcement-response-to-far-right-terrorism-insights-for-a-more-effective-approach/) - Although arrests and a proposed Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) designation worked in dismantling the Atomwaffen Division (AWD), the immediate rebranding of the group under a new name undermines the success of the law enforcement response. - [Building Social Cohesion in South Sudan and Burundi](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/building-social-cohesion-in-south-sudan-and-burundi/) - Social cohesion is best facilitated when bottom-up and top-down efforts—local, national, and international—are integrated and responsive to the relational nature of these societies. - [Gendered Security Harms in Nigeria’s Counterinsurgency Response](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/gendered-security-harms-in-nigerias-counterinsurgency-response/) - The overly simplistic understanding of gender in Nigeria’s National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), along with the government’s failure to prioritize human rights in its security policy, together result in “gendered security harms." - [2021 Year in Review](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/2021-year-in-review/) - To celebrate the new year, we reflect on the 28 analyses that we published in 2021. - [Threatened or Actual Harm Can Provoke an Adversary Rather Than Coerce Them](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/threatened-or-actual-harm-can-provoke-an-adversary-rather-than-coerce-them/) - Instead of coercing or deterring them, the threat or use of military violence (or other harm) can actually make the adversary even more adamant about not backing down, provoking them to resist further or even retaliate. - [Private Military and Security Companies Undermine Peacebuilding Efforts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/private-military-and-security-companies-undermine-peacebuilding-efforts/) - The presence of private military and security companies promotes militarization in humanitarian spaces and undermines non-militarized approaches to security. - [Los sistemas de paz existentes demuestran que las relaciones intergrupales e internacionales pacíficas son posibles](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/los-sistemas-de-paz-existentes-demuestran-que-las-relaciones-intergrupales-e-internacionales-pacificas-son-posibles/) - Las variables particulares relacionadas con la paz parecen más fuertes en los sistemas de paz que en los sistemas que no son de paz, lo que sugiere que, de hecho, hay características recurrentes que contribuyen a las relaciones pacíficas entre las sociedades. - [Special Issue: Nonviolent Approaches to Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/) - Click here to download the PDF version of the Special Issue Dear Readers, We are pleased to present our special issue on nonviolent approaches to security in collaboration with Nonviolent Peaceforce. This issue focuses on nonviolent, civilian-led strategies for protection and violence prevention in various violent contexts, ranging from civil war and intercommunal violent conflict - [The Role of Civil Society in Monitoring Ceasefires](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-role-of-civil-society-in-monitoring-ceasefires/) - Civil society ceasefire monitoring can address risks to ceasefire implementation - [Volume 3, Special Issue: Climate Change, Security, and Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-3-special-issue-climate-change-security-and-conflict/) - We hope the research discussed in this special issue informs a cascade of activism and policy-making to avert the worst eventualities of climate change and to create a world that is more secure and more just for all of us. - [Special Issue: Resources and Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-science-digest-special-issue-resources-and-conflict/) - Dear Readers, Special Issue: Resources and Conflict from the Peace Science Digest. Click on the icon to download Special Issue: Resources and Conflict For the text-only format of this issue’s analyses please click on the titles below or visit our Analysis Catalog. Resources and Conflict: Reframing the Debate Digging Deeper: Don’t Blame Your Resources, Blame the Environment Oil-Rich - [Hero-Villain Narratives Prominent in U.S. Call-to-Arms Speeches](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/hero-villain-narratives-prominent-in-u-s-call-to-arms-speeches/) - Narratives about national security, namely those identifying specific security threats, are highly influential in generating support for military action. In studying American call-to-arms speeches, Alexandra Homolar finds that hero-villain narratives are prominent in U.S. security discourse “from Samuel Adams to Donald Trump,” and are effectively used by political leaders because of their emotional appeal to the public. - [Militarization of UN Peacekeeping in Mali](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/militarization-of-un-peacekeeping-in-mali/) - The militarization of MINUSMA was reinforced by a robust peacekeeping mandate, cooperation with counterterrorism operations, and significant involvement of NATO countries. - [Why Do U.S. Congress Members Vote for Military Spending?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/why-do-u-s-congress-members-vote-for-military-spending/) - Legislators’ party affiliation and the demographics of their districts account for differences in the legislative vote on military spending. - [Protecting Civilians or Protecting the State? The Role of the Pan-African Parliament in Conflict Resolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/protecting-civilians-or-protecting-the-state-the-role-of-the-pan-african-parliament-in-conflict-resolution/) - The PAP played an impactful role in conflict resolution in Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire, Libya, and Somalia through its internal debates, fact-finding missions, convening of various stakeholders, meetings with diplomatic representations, and periodic communications. - [Racism as a Foundation of the Modern World](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/racism-as-a-foundation-of-the-modern-world/) - Race and racism, empire, and slavery are foundations of the European- and American-led contemporary world order, as demonstrated by the transatlantic slave trade, racist views held by Western philosophers, and the “standard of civilization” principle. - [Awareness of the Specific Harm Caused by Nuclear Weapons Reduces Americans' Support for Their Use](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/awareness-of-the-specific-harm-caused-by-nuclear-weapons-reduces-americans-support-for-their-use/) - Vivid information about the consequences of a nuclear attack reduced Americans’ support for the use of nuclear weapons on both moral and self-interested grounds. - [The Problem with Inclusion in Peacemaking Theory and Practice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-problem-with-inclusion-in-peacemaking-theory-and-practice/) - A relational approach to peacemaking is better equipped to address underlying social and political conditions that fuel conflict. - [How (Invisible) Racism Shapes U.S.-South Korea Military Relations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-invisible-racism-shapes-u-s-south-korea-military-relations/) - As a project of transnational militarism, the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (THAAD) in South Korea demonstrates the invisible working of race and class hierarchies through othering North Korea as the “red enemy” and imposing the unequal burden of hosting the missile defense system on lower-class marginalized rural communities. - [Reimagining Peace as a Rejection of a Militarized Status Quo ](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/reimaging-peace-as-a-rejection-of-a-militarized-status-quo-/) - Feminist and queer perspectives on peace challenge binary ways of thinking about peace, thereby contributing to a reimagination of what peace means. - [The Entanglement of Militarism and Humanitarianism Broadens the Geographies of Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-entanglement-of-militarism-and-humanitarianism-broadens-the-geographies-of-violence/) - Militarism and humanitarianism produce and justify political violence that go beyond established conflict zones or battlefields. - [Individual Motivations for Violence Against Industrial Mining in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/individual-motivations-for-violence-against-industrial-mining-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/) - When faced with eviction from their worksites by large-scale mining operations and inadequate vocational reorientation programs, small-scale artisanal miners report a high likelihood of violent conflict erupting. - [Partisan Commemoration as a Resource for Peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/partisan-commemoration-as-a-resource-for-peacebuilding/) - While partisan commemoration can certainly “harden boundaries” between hostile groups, its potent symbolic resources can also be adapted to maintain community cohesion, legitimize shifts to peaceful politics by providing ideological continuity, and signal a newfound openness to previous adversaries, all in the service of peace. - [Demilitarizing the Response to Climate Change](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/demilitarizing-the-response-to-climate-change/) - National governments, particularly in the Global North, emphasize the militarization of national borders to prevent climate refugees over policies—like reducing carbon emissions—that would actually address the security threat posed by climate change itself. - [Assessing the European Union’s Inclusive Peacebuilding Efforts in Georgia and Yemen](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/assessing-the-european-unions-inclusive-peacebuilding-efforts-in-georgia-and-yemen/) - Peacebuilding actors who wish to promote inclusive peace processes must contend with the tension between the legitimacy and sustainability benefits of inclusivity, on one hand, and the challenges inclusivity poses for reaching any settlement at all, on the other. - [Decent Work Opportunities Are Key To Lasting Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/decent-work-opportunities-are-key-to-lasting-peace/) - United Nations officials are calling for more economic opportunities to help establish and sustain peace in the Central African Republic (CAR). - [In Cameroon, A Violent Flank Spoils Separatist Movement and Increases Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/in-cameroon-a-violent-flank-spoils-separatist-movement-and-increases-violence/) - The goals of a mostly nonviolent separatist movement in Cameroon are being jeopardized by a violent minority. Peace research shows that these "violent flanks" often decrease the likelihood of campaign success and expose their nonviolent counterparts to violent retaliation. - [How Technology Can Prevent Violent Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/how-technology-can-prevent-violent-conflict/) - In the Phillippines, one organization is working to address humanitarian needs by utilizing emerging technology. As a result, increased connectivity reduces violence and fosters social impact. - [Military Aid, Especially Arms Deals, Decrease National Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-aid-especially-arms-deals-decrease-national-security/) - A new policy proposal is in the works, allowing U.S. gun manufacturers to sell their firearms abroad. Peace Science shows how arms deals compromise national security. - [To Improve Results/Reduce Costs, Integrate Conflict Analysis Into Humanitarian Aid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/to-improve-results-reduce-costs-integrate-conflict-analysis-into-humanitarian-aid/) - To achieve sustainable peace and reduce the growing need for humanitarian aid ($25B so far in 2018), governments and humanitarian organizations need to better address the drivers, parties, and consequences of conflict. - [Adding Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping to the Toolbox of International Intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/adding-unarmed-civilian-peacekeeping-to-the-toolbox-of-international-intervention/) - Recognizing the restrictions of the current context (e.g. acceptance of nonviolent peacekeepers to host state and access to particular regions) of allowing professional unarmed civilian peacekeepers to enter the conflict scenario, we want to share some insights from peace science that should at least add Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping to the toolbox of international intervention to reduce violence and suffering, even if it is only an aspiration in this moment of time. - [Iranian Nonviolent Resistance in Adverse Conditions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/iranian-nonviolent-resistance-in-adverse-conditions/) - Nationwide, Iranian truckers have united in protest demanding better wages. Their protest, in conjunction with rising levels of resistance to Iran's leader, Ali Khamenei, signify a changing tide in Iranian society. - [Higher Education Programs Counter Violent Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/higher-education-programs-counter-violent-extremism/) - New research from Mercy Corps and the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice finds that access to secondary education reduces support and for violent extremist groups. - [Unintended Consequences of “Robust” UN Peace Operations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/unintended-consequences-of-robust-un-peace-operations/) - An upcoming policy forum by the International Peace Institute will explore tensions between the pursuit of political solutions and the protection of civilians in the context of UN peacekeeping missions. Peace Science shows how the "robust" turn in UN peacekeeping has resulted in unintended consequences to civilians and the peacebuilding process. - [Masculinity Operates In Both U.S. And Indian Nuclear Weapon Discourses](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/indian-u-s-nuclear-weapon-discourse-share-beliefs-of-superiority-2/) - Masculinity operates in both U.S. and Indian nuclear weapon discourses--marking their nuclear programs as rational, responsible action engaged in strategic interdependence to meet their economic and political interests, and other programs as inadequate, irrational, or in need of supervision. - [U.S./South Korean Military Drills Threaten Peace Talks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/u-s-south-korean-military-drills-threaten-peace-talks/) - North Korea says joint U.S./South Korean military exercises are jeopardizing the upcoming summit between Trump and Kim. - [Starting Wars Won't Make Domestic Problems Disappear](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/starting-wars-wont-make-domestic-problems-disappear/) - In the wake of the U.S. abandoning the Iran Nuclear Deal and the growing tension between Israel, Iran, and the U.S., we must be wary of foreign policy saber-rattling in the context of “rallying around the flag”. - [U.S. Troops Now Directly Involved In Yemen War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/u-s-troops-now-directly-involved-in-yemen-war/) - U.S. troops now hold a direct role in the Saudi-led campaign in Yemen, diverging from previous statements from the Pentagon and Trump administration claiming U.S. support was limited to arms sales, aircraft refueling, logistics, and intelligence. - ["Trump’s Termination of the Iran Deal is a Risky Bet"...Sanctions Aren't Easy.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/trumps-termination-of-the-iran-deal-is-a-risky-bet-sanctions-arent-easy/) - On May 8th, 2018, the U.S. pulled out of the Iran Nuclear Deal. The Trump administration claims the deal is unfair and leaves plenty of opportunities for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon--a claim all other parties to the deal disagree with. - [Trump Has Missed Two Deadlines for Reporting Civilian Casualties of US Wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/trump-has-missed-two-deadlines-for-reporting-civilian-casualties-of-us-wars/) - Congress requires the White House to issue an annual report on civilian casualties of US military operations. The current administration has also ignored an executive order that requires the reporting of civilians killed by drone strikes and other counterterrorism activities. Both reports were due on May 1. - [Despite Israeli/U.S. Concern, The Iran Nuclear Deal Is Working & Vital](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/despite-israeli-u-s-concern-the-iran-nuclear-deal-is-working-vital/) - A recent address by Israeli PM Netanyahu confirmed what the world has known for 10 years: that Iran suspended a portion of their nuclear weapons program. That program was a major reason the current nuclear deal was struck in the first place, and why its verification provisions are the most intrusive in the history of arms control agreements. - [Global Health Leaders Rally Behind Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/global-health-leaders-rally-behind-nuclear-weapons-ban-treaty/) - The International Committee of the Red Cross and the World Medical Association have issued important and very timely calls for states to join and implement the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. - [Volume 3, Issue 2](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-3-issue-2/) - In this issue of the Peace Science Digest, we present research highlighting the everyday violence and coping mechanisms of Afghan civilians amidst nearly 40 years of war. Next, we look at the important work of Christian Peacemaker Teams in Palestine/Israel and the tension that exists between their dual accompaniment and solidarity roles in the West Bank. We then turn to the significance of a largely overlooked distinction between borrowing money to fund war versus imposing a war tax—and how the latter vastly reduces public support for war. In the fourth analysis, we examine a study that looks back on North Korean-Western relations to reveal interesting conclusions on how the parties react to triggers and provocations. Finally, we look at research on the Arab Spring, and why civil resistance movements in some countries were more successful than in others. - [Can Intergovernmental Organizations Help Prevent Civil War?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/can-international-organizations-help-prevent-civil-war-violence/) - In a new book, evidence is presented on how intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) can help prevent civil wars. IGOs can be costly to violent governments and rebels. They can impose sanctions or withdrawal from the region, bringing staff, resources, and other benefits with them. IGOs can also reward peace, providing resources/benefits if violence doesn’t escalate. - [Media Outlets Have A Choice - Why Do So Few Choose Peace Journalism?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/media-outlets-have-a-choice-why-do-so-few-choose-peace-journalism/) - In a survey of the 100 largest newspapers in the US, not a single editorial board opposed the recent airstrikes on Syria. Of the top ten papers, seven openly supported the strikes. - [In Colombia, A Rise in Political Representation Has Decreased Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/in-colombia-a-rise-in-political-representation-has-decreased-violence/) - In Colombia, opposition groups were granted increased access to political representation as part of the ongoing peace process--successfully reducing violence at the polls. - [Can We Fight And Broker Peace Agreements At The Same Time?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/can-we-fight-and-broker-peace-agreements-at-the-same-time/) - There is an ongoing debate over armed United Nations peacekeeping forces and whether their use of force is beneficial or detrimental to building sustainable, positive peace. - [The Congolese Conflict and the Resource/Conflict Dilemma](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-congolese-conflict-and-the-resource-conflict-dilemma/) - High levels of mineral reserves are a contributing factor in the 20+ year violent conflict in the Congo. Peace Science shows the link between natural resources and conflict, and how government income from natural resources can lead to more deadly, longer lasting, conflict. - [Once A Nuclear Weapon Test Site in Australia, Now A Tourism 'Hot Spot'](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/once-a-nuclear-weapon-test-site-in-australia-now-a-tourism-hot-spot/) - A former nuclear test site in Australia is now a growing tourist destination. Though, few know about the devastating, long-term, consequences the test had on the nearby indigenous population and test workers. - [Nonviolent Campaigns Must Remain Nonviolent](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-campaigns-must-remain-nonviolent/) - "People have a right to demonstrate peacefully — and to assume that responsible authorities will ensure that they can do so without being shot". - [The Important Peacebuilding Work of North Ireland's Religious Leaders](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-important-peacebuilding-work-of-north-irelands-religious-leaders/) - "20 years after the Good Friday Agreement, few people recognize how Northern Ireland’s religious leaders helped bring peace." - [The North Korean Sanctions Are Working](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-north-korean-sanctions-are-working/) - For over 10 years, the United Nations has led an international sanctions regime targeting North Korea. Now that China has joined, sanctions are starting to make a noticeable impact on the North Korean economy. - [Madeleine Albright: “Will We Stop Trump Before It’s Too Late?”](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/madeleine-albright-will-we-stop-trump-before-its-too-late/) - Former U.S. Secretary of State on the growing threat of fascism: “If one were to draft a script chronicling fascism’s resurrection, the abdication of America’s moral leadership would make a credible first sense.” - [Can International Organizations Help Prevent Violence in Palestine and Israel?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/can-international-organizations-help-prevent-violence-in-palestine-and-israel/) - Violence erupted on Friday after protests took place demanding the right of return for Palestinian refugees and their descendants to land in Israel. Peace Science provides examples of how international groups can help prevent more violence. - [Refugees, Mental Health, and the Syrian Civil War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/refugees-mental-health-and-the-syrian-civil-war/) - Context: Seven years into the Syrian civil war, the exact scale and impact of mental health trauma are not well-known, nor are they prioritized by local or international agencies/governments. Now, research is starting to provide insight into an undiscussed horror of war, experienced by even those who never pick up a weapon. In the News: - [Young Women Turning To Entrepreneurship Amid Violent Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/young-women-turning-to-entrepreneurship-amid-violent-conflict/) - Young women are pioneering the start-up/social entrepreneurship scene all over the middle east, often in areas in or recovering from violent conflict. Their unique position affords opportunities for economic recovery and social reconciliation. - [Incorporating Civil Society in Syrian Peace Talks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1566-2/) - Syrian civil society has become better organized and more tightly interconnected, providing a valuable resource to UN negotiators and others working towards peace. The Civil Society Support Room (CSSR) is helping to bring civil society activists together so that their local knowledge and expertise can be better incorporated into the peace talks. - [Indigenous Civil Resistance in Honduras](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/indigenous-civil-resistance-in-honduras/) - Indigenous communities carry on the work of renowned Honduran activist, Berta Cacéres, by defending nature and health care in Honduras. Peace Science shows the unique power of indigenous civil resistance. - [The U.S. Is Spending $32 Million Per Hour On War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/the-u-s-is-spending-32-million-per-hour-on-war/) - Ever since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the War On Terror has cost the U.S. $5.6 trillion. Almost all of this price tag is financed through borrowed money, significantly increasing the national debt. - [Post-Parkland Activism Growing Into Powerful Anti-Violence Movement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/post-parkland-activism-growing-into-successful-anti-violence-movement/) - American schoolchildren are forming a new era of resistance. Just like members of other powerful anti-violence movements, they are articulate and determined. - [Civilians Play Key Role in Promoting Peaceful Elections in Liberia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1549-2/) - Civilians played an important role in maintaining peace through Liberia's first democratic transition of power. - [Credibility Is Key In U.S./North Korea Negotiations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/credibility-is-key-in-u-s-north-korea-negotiations/) - In upcoming talks between the U.S. and North Korea, the credibility each party brings to the negotiation table is vital to the strength of any future peace agreement. And a lot of work needs to be done on both sides to make sure credibility exists and remains intact. - [In Afghanistan, Religious Leaders Are Working For Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/in-afghanistan-religious-leaders-are-working-for-peace/) - The important role of religious leaders in shaping and supporting the peace process in Afghanistan. - [Stop Military Exercises And Give Diplomacy A Chance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/stop-military-exercises-and-give-diplomacy-a-chance/) - Context: "On the heels of a meeting between North and South Korea in which Kim Jong-un reportedly put denuclearization on the table, a grassroots coalition of more than 200 anti-war organizations and activists sent an open letter (pdf) to President Donald Trump on Thursday calling on his administration to help further "the current momentum for peace and dialogue in - [Gender and Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/gender-and-nuclear-weapons/) - Context: "Nuclear weapons are loaded with symbolism—of potency, protection, and the power to “deter” through material “strength”. For many, such symbolism obscures the real point of the existence of these arms—to destroy—and their horrendous effects. Possessing and brandishing an extraordinarily destructive capacity is a form of dominance associated with masculine warriors (nuclear weapons possessors are - [Invest in Pre-Conflict Prevention Before Post-Conflict Protection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/invest-in-pre-conflict-prevention-before-post-conflict-protection/) - Context: UN Secretary General António Guterres presented on his report of peacebuilding and sustaining peace during an informal gathering of the UN Assembly. "The imbalance between spending on conflict, and spending on peace, must be tackled head-on", Secretary-General António Guterres said, urging the United Nations to rally all international actors “for our efforts across the - [Social Media is Changing Conflict Dynamics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/social-media-changing-conflict-dynamics/) - Social media has transformed the way that modern wars are fought. From the battlefields of eastern Ukraine to the bot factories of St. Petersburg, ordinary citizens with no military training are changing the course of conflicts with nothing more than a laptop or iPhone. - [Women Are Critical to Nonviolent Movement Success](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/women-critical-nonviolent-movement-success/) - There is much to be gained through initiatives where women can convene to share knowledge, train, plan and develop solidarity networks for the struggles ahead. Creating women-led spaces that are informed by research helps build feminist momentum around the most pressing issues of our times. - [The U.S. Nuclear Weapon Agenda is Dangerous and Expensive](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/u-s-nuclear-weapon-agenda-dangerous-expensive/) - The U.S. nuclear weapon agenda is dangerous and expensive - [The Social Value of Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/social-value-nuclear-weapons/) - Nuclear Weapons gain their value from the social system they are created into. Therefore, their value is subject to change based on how society decides to perceive these weapons. - [Undiscussed Terrorism: Victims of the U.S. Alt-Right.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1403-2/) - Context: Often, members of alt-right, white nationalist/supremacy organizations conduct violent acts that are considered isolated incidences and do not carry the same terrorism label as similar acts performed by non-white groups. In the News: Over the last four years, at least 13 alt-right related terrorism incidents have left 43 dead and more than 60 injured. What do - [Beware of spoilers in diplomacy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/beware-spoilers-diplomacy/) - U.S. Vice President Pence is condemning North Korea’s participation in the Olympics as “propaganda to hijack the message and imagery of the Olympic games” - [ISIS has shifted strategies. It's time for the international community to do the same.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/isis-shifted-strategies-time-international-community/) - Maria Stephan describes ways nonviolent action can weaken the strength and authority of ISIS--and how the international community can help. - [Effective local governance allows greater communication and avenues toward peace.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/effective-local-governance-allows-greater-communication-avenues-peace/) - Local governance is crucial to peacebuilding, particularly when the central government is fragmented or lacks broad legitimacy. - [Congolese religious leaders use their unique role to organize nonviolent protests.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/drc-religious-leaders-use-unique-role-organize-nonviolent-protests/) - Religious leaders can leverage their unique role in societies to constructively transform conflict and organize nonviolent movements. - [Gene Sharp, a pioneer of nonviolence research and action, has died.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/1372-2/) - Gene Sharp, a pioneer of nonviolence research and action, will be missed but his work will always be with us. - [Selling Weapons and Sending Troops Make Countries Less Secure](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/selling-weapons-sending-troops-make-countries-less-secure/) - Providing military support increases a country's chance of retaliatory terror attacks. - [Nonviolent Resistance in Indigenous Communities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-resistance-indigenous-communities/) - Indigenous communities have a long history of successful nonviolent resistance. The Indigenous Environment Network announces protest at US Bank Stadium on the eve of the Super Bowl. - [Volume 2, Issue 6](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-6/) - In this issue of the Peace Science Digest, you will find research highlighting the negative effects of military spending on a country’s long-term economic growth—contrary to many beliefs, war is not good for the economy. Next, we look at how ad-hoc military intervention increases the likelihood of retaliatory terror attacks, showing how current military strategies are actually making us less secure. We then turn to the role of social media in violent conflict, and how this new age of communication is changing how conflicts are conducted and how conflict actors communicate. In the fourth analysis, we look at how political leaders consider initiating conflicts abroad to distract from domestic problems. Finally, we look at Peace Journalism at a contribution aimed at making Peace Journalism more relevant. - [How Social Media is Changing Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/social-media-changing-conflict/) - In conflict, the speed and spread of information is increased by social media, and makes communication for individuals and groups easier. - [Military Support Outside of International Coalitions Increase Risk of Terrorist Attack](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-support-outside-international-coalitions-increase-risk-terrorist-attack/) - Foreign military support in intrastate conflicts increases the risk of retaliatory terrorist attacks; weapons sales are the prominent contributing factor. - [Too Close and Too Strong: U.S. Power and Proximity Contributing to North Korea’s Nuclear Ambitions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/close-strong-u-s-power-proximity-contributing-north-koreas-nuclear-ambitions/) - The U.S.'s overwhelming military capabilities and presence on the Korean Peninsula are primary motivators for North Korea’s nuclear program. - [The Importance of Devaluing Nuclear Weapons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/importance-devaluing-nuclear-weapons/) - Nuclear weapons are “social objects” that gain value and meaning from social contexts, therefore, the value attached to them is subject to change. - [What does Masculinity and East/West thinking have to do with Nuclear Weapons?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/masculinity-east-west-thinking-nuclear-weapons/) - Masculinity and Orientalism operate in U.S./Indian nuclear discourses, marking the non-Western country as inferior and irresponsible, requiring scrutiny. - [In Nuclear Disarmament Campaigns, the Messenger Matters](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nuclear-disarmament-campaigns-messenger-matters/) - When considered competent, respectable, and honorable, nuclear abolition advocates trigger increased attention and debate on disarmament issues. - [Long-Term Human Costs of Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Pacific](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/long-term-human-costs-nuclear-weapons-tests-pacific/) - U.S. testing of nuclear weapons detonated in the Marshall Islands was equivalent to 1.6 Hiroshima-sized bombs dropped daily for 12 years (1946-1958). - [The Peacebuilding Role of Religious Civil Society Initiatives in the Korean Peninsula](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peacebuilding-role-religious-civil-society-initiatives-korean-peninsula/) - Religious civil society leaders with access to top political leadership and grassroots constituents, contributed to the Korean peace process in the 1990s. - [Engaging Across Deep Divides to Counter Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/engaging-across-deep-divides-counter-extremism/) - Multicultural societies need to ensure more inclusive engagement across deep divides, as doing so is vital to confronting violent extremism. - [Human Rights Implications of Foreign U.S. Military Bases](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/human-rights-implications-foreign-u-s-military-bases/) - When host countries are less relevant to U.S. security interests, the presence of U.S. troops can lead to positive human rights practices. - [Peacebuilding, Agency, and Zones of Peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peacebuilding-agency-zones-peace/) - Liberal peacebuilding can sideline the agency of local actors, which accounts for widespread resistance, or even failure of these efforts. - [U.S. Textbook Representations of Nonviolent Resistance During the Abolition Movement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/u-s-textbook-representations-nonviolent-resistance-abolition-movement/) - By omitting successful nonviolent movements from history, we encourage students to accept the view that violence is required to ensure a nation’s security. - [Volume 2, Issue 5](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-5-2/) - Inside this issue, we examine research that explores the mixed human rights implications of U.S. military bases abroad. Next, by looking at a sample of popular U.S. history textbooks, we learn about how nonviolence during the Abolition Movement has been “silenced” in our classrooms. Through the examination of 1990s peace talks in the Korean Peninsula, we learn about the convening power of religious civil society and the positive role the community can play in peacebuilding. Next, we consider the need for multicultural societies to ensure more inclusive engagement across deep divides, and what this engagement means when confronting violent extremism. Finally, we look at four different examples of “zones of peace” in El Salvador, Northern Ireland, Colombia, and the Philippines, and what these examples can teach us about why peacebuilding practices should support local agency instead of international priorities. - [Volume 2, Issue 4](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-4/) - In this issue, we examine research on the impact of violent flanks on nonviolent campaigns. We take this opportunity to provide an inward reflection on the current resistance to white supremacist groups and ideologies in the U.S. Next, we discuss health effects of the Syrian War on internally displaced persons and refugees, which is highly relevant for international humanitarian organizations and campaigning. Finally, the last three entries of the Digest focus on the crucial question of how to influence armed actors—particularly non-state armed actors—in the context of civil war such that violence is prevented or terminated. The three studies examined take very different approaches to this question. While the first investigates local civil resistance and the creation of peace territories as means of resisting violence, the latter two examine the efficacy/inefficacy of more traditional tools of international politics: external support to rebel groups and sanctions against them. - [Volume 2, Issue 3](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-3-2/) - In this issue, we examine research that helps us rethink our assumptions about security, violence, and development, urging us to look at these notions from the perspectives of those being “secured.” Next, by looking at a study on levels of short- and long-term quality of life after military intervention, we highlight additional perspectives on how war harms civilians—and offer viable nonviolent alternatives to military intervention. Through the examination of local entrepreneurship and peacebuilding in post-war Sri Lanka, we learn about effective economic development programs that empower business owners and provide sustainable, local avenues to economic security. In the next analysis, we consider two different studies—one on Nigerian responses to Boko Haram and MEND in Nigeria and one on Kenya's responses to Al-Shabaab. The studies underscore the counterproductive effects of military counterterrorism strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, we look at college-level experiential learning activities and their utility in helping students internalize abstract theoretical concepts related to global complexity and conflict, helping them become more effective conflict resolution practitioners. - [Volume 2, Issue 2](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/volume-2-issue-2-2/) - Inside this issue, you will find analysis of research highlighting the use of preventive diplomacy in Southeast Asia and how regional and international organizations can contribute to conflict resolution. We provide insights on the factors that influence public opinion on war and defense spending. We discuss key motivations behind domestic right-wing terrorism as well as a fascinating study on reasons why people leave terrorist organizations. Finally, we look at the evolution of armed United Nations peacekeeping missions. - [Military Draft, Inequality, and War Support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-draft-inequality-and-war-support/) - Instituting a draft would decrease support for war efforts, as it would leave fewer people insulated from the costs of war. - [Mediation Techniques for Intergroup Conflicts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/mediation-techniques-for-intergroup-conflicts/) - During mediation, perspective-taking may lead to more positive feelings towards the other party, due increased empathy and the feeling of being heard. - [Special Issue: Peace Education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-peace-education/) - Dear Readers, We hope you enjoy this Special Issue on Peace Education. Click on the icon to download or open in a new tab: Special Issue: Peace Education Download For the text-only format of this issue’s analyses please click on the titles below or visit our Analysis Catalog. ‘Pedagogies of Resistance’ and Critical Peace Education Everyday Peace, Peace - [Micro-Enterprise Development and Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/micro-enterprise-development-peacebuilding-sri-lanka/) - The civil war in Sri Lanka emerged as a result of economic forces; effective peacebuilding must involve economic development for affected communities. - [Civil Resistance Amid Civil War](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/civil-resistance-civil-war/) - Civil resistance— in particular, the creation of peace territories— can be used to resist not only authoritarian regimes but also violence itself. - [Sanctions Against Non-State Armed Actors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/sanctions-non-state-armed-actors/) - Sanctions research and policy focus on states, giving little attention to challenges of targeting non-state armed actors, making sanctions less effective. - [External Support and Civil War Termination](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/external-support-civil-war-termination/) - When rebel groups receive outside financial support, civil wars are more than two times less likely to end compared to receiving non-financial support. - [Rethinking Security, Violence, and Development from the Margins](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/rethinking-security/) - Questioning assumptions about violence, security, and development shows how violence manifests in different contexts, in relation to power and inequality. - [How Do “Violent Flanks” Affect the Outcomes of Nonviolent Campaigns?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/violent-flanks-affect-outcomes-nonviolent-campaigns/) - Violent flanks that emerge from within otherwise nonviolent campaigns appear to decrease these campaigns’ likelihood of success. - [Counterproductive Effects of Military Counterterrorism Strategies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/counterproductive-effects-military-counterterrorism-strategies/) - Military action is often an ineffective and counterproductive tool for countering terrorism, as it fuels grievances of already marginalized communities. - [Health Effects of the Syrian War on Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/health-effects-syrian-war-internally-displaced-persons-refugees/) - Exposure to the Syrian war is directly associated with high rates of PTSD, suicide, and poor physical and mental health among Syrian refugees and IDPs. - [Human Costs of Military Intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/human-costs-military-intervention/) - Between 1960 and 2005, 106 countries (democracies and non-democracies) have suffered reduced quality of life due to foreign military interventions. - [Experiential Learning as a Tool for Teaching About Global Complexity and Conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/experiential-learning-tool-teaching-global-complexity-conflict/) - Experiential learning activities are effective tools for teaching abstract theoretical concepts related to global complexity and conflict. - [Motivations for Domestic Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/motivations-domestic-right-wing-terrorism-united-states/) - Symbolic targets and threats to identity privilege are more important to motivating right-wing terrorism than objections to policy or economic factors. - [Reasons for Leaving Terrorist Organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/reasons-leaving-terrorist-organizations/) - The most prominent "push factors" in terrorist disengagement are forms of disillusionment, as well as to some extent burnout. - [The Unintended Consequences of "Robust" UN Peace Operations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/unintended-consequences-robust-un-peace-operations/) - Robust peacekeeping may succeed in protecting civilians in the short-term but has unintended effects that may jeopardize the broader work of UN missions. - [What Shapes Public Opinion on War and Defense Spending?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/shapes-public-opinion-war-defense-spending/) - A person’s acceptance of war and support for defense spending is most consistently influenced by his/her beliefs, values, and life experience. - [Successful Diplomacy in Southeast Asia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/successful-diplomacy-southeast-asia/) - In Southeast Asia, intervention by great powers (the five permanent members of the UN Security Council) lowers the success rate of Preventive Diplomacy. - [Talking Points](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-science-talking-points/) - People assume the use of military force is the last resort. When aware of nonviolent alternatives to war, people believe the price of war is too high. When aware of nonviolent alternatives to war, people are less likely to tolerate casualties and to support war. When political leaders unanimously support war, the public is less - [Core Competencies for Critical Peace Educators and Learners](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/core-competencies-for-critical-peace-educators-and-learners/) - Core Competency Possible Educational Activities and Approaches Critical thinking and analysis Critical Media Literacy Analyzing the roots and current impact of forces of domination Interrogating identity and unequal forms citizenship Empathy and solidarity Cultivating an understanding of the psychological and emotional impacts of violence Viewing injustices facing others as limits on the freedom - [Nonviolent Resistance Creates Strong Democracies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-resistance-creates-strong-democracies/) - Democratic regimes that experience nonviolent resistance during the government transition phase survive longer than regimes without nonviolent resistance. - [Casualty Inequity, Politics, and Public Support for Israel](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/casualty-inequity-politics-public-support-israel/) - Reporting of disproportionate civilian casualties during the 2014 Gaza conflict lowered U.S. public opinion of Israel. - [Motives of U.S. Intervention: Democracy, Human Rights and Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/motives-u-s-intervention-democracy-human-rights-terrorism/) - The U.S. military is more likely to engage in a campaign for human rights than for security reasons, such as threats to democracy or terrorist activity. - [Oil, Terrorism, and Insurgency in the Middle East and North Africa](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/oil-terrorism-insurgency-middle-east-north-africa/) - When groups are included in political participation they are more likely to choose nonviolence over violence when voicing their grievances. - [How Domestic Protests Influence Coups](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/domestic-protests-influence-coups/) - Nonviolent protests are six times more effective at bringing about a coup than violent protests, and more likely to bring about democratization. - [Political Violence in Post-9/11 Wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/political-violence-in-post-911-wars/) - In Iraq, areas with cell phone coverage are less violent because of the ease of pro-government informants to provide information on insurgents. - [Nonviolent Conflict Escalation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/nonviolent-conflict-escalation/) - Nonviolent conflict escalation is achieved quantitatively or through innovation, dilemma creation, provocation, and persistence. - [International Influence on U.S. Public Support for Drone Strikes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/international-influence-on-u-s-public-support-for-drone-strikes/) - By highlighting civilian casualties and breaches of international law, international organizations can influence U.S. public opinion on drone policy. - [Military Support and an Increased Vulnerability to Terrorist Attacks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/military-support-and-an-increased-vulnerability-to-terrorist-attacks/) - Deployment of troops and weapons exports to another country increases the chance of attacks from terror organizations from that country. - [Minority Groups, Political Exclusion and Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/minority-groups-political-exclusion-andterrorism/) - When people are excluded from government power or representation, they are more likely to resort to acts of terror to address or avenge their grievances. - [Defeating ISIS with Nonviolent Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/defeating-isis-with-nonviolent-resistance/) - Photo credit: Ben Schumin This analysis summarizes and reflects on the following research: Stephan, M. J. (2015). Civil Resistance vs. ISIS. Journal of Resistance Studies, 1(2), 127-150. Retrieved from http://resistance-journal.org/ Summary The Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham (ISIS) is a radical religious group possessing the tendencies of both a violent insurgency and a totalitarian regime. ISIS has - [R2P: The Responsibility to Prevent](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/r2p-the-responsibility-to-prevent/) - Once violent conflict is underway, political barriers and high social and economic costs limit constructive options of violence prevention. - [Ethnic Minorities and Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/ethnic-minorities-and-terrorism/) - The likelihood of terrorism increases when a country’s ethnic communities have close family ties in other countries (diaspora communities). - [Manufacturing Dissent: Modernization and the Surge of Nonviolent Resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/manufacturing-dissent-modernization-and-the-surge-of-nonviolent-resistance/) - An increase in manufacturing increases the likelihood of nonviolent campaigns. As countries continue to modernize, social conflict manifests nonviolently. - [Varying success of civil resistance in Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/varying-success-of-civil-resistance-in-colombia/) - National and local peace initiatives are mutually influential. The success of one increases the chances of success in the other. - [Types of mediator leverage and the strength of peace agreements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/types-of-mediator-leverage-and-the-strength-of-peace-agreements/) - Peace agreements mediated with credibility leverage last over twice as long compared to agreements without credibility leverage. - [Poverty: A contributing factor to civil war?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/poverty-a-contributing-factor-to-civil-war/) - A country ranked at the bottom 10% on a global poverty scale is six times more likely to see violent civil conflict than a country at the top 10%. - [Are Alliances a Prerequisite for Multiparty War?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/are-alliances-a-prerequisite-for-multiparty-war/) - Alliances are a necessary condition for multiparty wars; the larger the war, the more likely alliances are a necessary condition. - [Peace Journalism and Media Ethics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/peace-journalism-and-media-ethics/) - Audiences exposed to Peace Journalism have been found to demonstrate increased levels of hope and empathy, as well as decreased levels of fear and anger. - [Examining Religious Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/examining-religious-peacebuilding-in-sierra-leone/) - Religious actors can use their respected positions in society to assert neutrality to build personal relationships with, and influence parties in conflict. - [Resources and Conflict: Reframing The Debate](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/resources-and-conflict-reframing-the-debate/) - In addition to the complex debate over natural resources’ role in violent conflict, there are many underlining sub-debates on the topic. One is centered on quantity: whether or not the abundance or scarcity of resources affects a particular outcome. This study summarizes the two arguments as follows: An increase in scarcity or decrease in access - [Digging Deeper: Don’t Blame Your Resources, Blame The Environment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/digging-deeper-dont-blame-your-resources-blame-the-environment/) - This article analyses the arguments linking resource scarcity to violent conflict. It is structured around the assumption that by focusing on the economic, political, and social conditions of a specific country, the relationship between resource scarcity and violent conflict could be better explained. The author argues that certain conditions in recourse-scarce countries can explain why - [Oil-Rich Dictatorships Will Not Be Overthrown by Armed Rebellions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/oil-rich-dictatorships-will-not-be-overthrown-by-armed-rebellions/) - This study explores two main arguments behind the Resource Curse: Violent domestic conflicts occur more frequently in oil-producing states than they do in non oil-producing states. Oil-producing states most commonly support autocratic regimes (characterized by long lasting regimes and low levels of democracy) than non oil-producing states. The study is guided by the following question: - [Fueling Conflict: The Link Between Oil and Foreign Military Intervention in Civil Wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/fueling-conflict-the-link-between-oil-and-foreign-military-intervention-in-civil-wars-2/) - Nations are more likely to go to war with an oil-rich state when there is a lack of local competition. - [What is the Resource Curse and How Can Natural Resources Lead to Violence?](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/what-is-the-resource-curse-and-how-can-natural-resources-lead-to-violence/) - This analysis highlights the various theories linking resources to conflict. Two major perspectives stand out: (1) a surplus or a lack of natural resources can directly lead to violent conflict; and (2) there is no connection between resources and conflict. Below, the author highlights three common triggers that maintain the relationship between oil and violent - [Wars are not fought for peace and democracy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/wars-are-not-fought-for-peace-and-democracy/) - The Myth Wars are for peace & democracy Debunk Wars for democracy are unsuccessful. The US has a long history or invading and occupying others. War is more likely to happen when there is oil. Forcing democracies does not work. Wars brew hatred and violence in the aftermath. Wars are fought for money. The evidence - [War is not the last resort](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-is-not-the-last-resort/) - The Myth War is the last resort Debunk People assume and expect that decisions to use force are made when no other options exist. No war can satisfy the conditions of absolute last resort. There always are many good, nonviolent alternatives. The price of war is too high, when people know that there are other - [War is not part of human nature](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/war-not-human-nature/) - The Myth Humans will always go to war Debunk War has not always been around, humans invented war. Most of the time in human history we did not wage wars. It’s not in our genes. We have to be trained to be able to kill. War does not break out. We chose when and how ## Categories - [Uncategorized](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/uncategorized/) - [Commentaries](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/commentary/) - War Prevention Initiative Public Commentary - [Latest Announcements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/announcements/) - War Prevention Initiative Announcements - [Press Releases](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/press-release/) - War Prevention Initiative Press Releases - [Lectures and Presentations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/lectures-and-presentations/) - [Briefings](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/briefings/) - [Research](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/research/) - [Demilitarizing Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/demilitarizing-security/) - [2016](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/2016/) - [2017](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/2017/) - [2018](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/category/2018/) - 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[#deradicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/deradicalization/) - [#extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/extremism-2/) - [#hate](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/hate/) - [#militarism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/militarism-2/) - [#Myanmar](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/myanmar-2/) - [#NorthernIreland](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/northernireland/) - [#radicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/radicalization/) - [#SriLanka](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/srilanka/) - [#UnitedKingdom](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unitedkingdom/) - [#UnitedStates](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unitedstates/) - [#violentextremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violentextremism/) - [#whole of society](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/whole-of-society/) - [2021](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/2021/) - [9/11](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/911/) - [accompaniment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/accompaniment/) - 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[anti-racism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/anti-racism/) - [Arab Spring](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/arab-spring/) - [armed conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armed-conflict/) - [armed groups](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armed-groups/) - [armed insurgents](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armed-insurgents/) - [armed military peacekeeping (AMP)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armed-military-peacekeeping-amp/) - [armed nonstate actors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armed-nonstate-actors/) - [Armenia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/armenia/) - [arms deal](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/arms-deal/) - [Arms Dealing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/arms-dealing/) - [artificial intelligence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/) - [ASEAN](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/asean/) - [asylum-seekers](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/asylum-seekers/) - [attitudes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/attitudes/) - 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[children](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/children/) - [Christian Peacemaker Teams](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/christian-peacemaker-teams/) - [civic action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civic-action/) - [civics education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civics-education/) - [civil conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-conflict/) - [civil disobedience](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-disobedience/) - [civil society](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-society/) - [civil society organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-society-organizations/) - [civil war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-war/) - [civil wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-wars/) - [civil-military relations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civil-military-relations/) - [civilian casualties](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilian-casualties/) - [civilian casualties; U.S. foreign policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilian-casualties-u-s-foreign-policy/) - [civilian crisis management](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilian-crisis-management/) - [civilian deaths](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilian-deaths/) - [civilian protection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilian-protection/) - [civilians in conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/civilians-in-conflict/) - [climate](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/climate/) - [climate change](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/climate-change/) - [coercion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/coercion/) - [cognitive factors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cognitive-factors/) - [collective action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/collective-action/) - [Colombia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/colombia/) - [colonization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/colonization/) - [color revolutions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/color-revolutions/) - [Columbia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/columbia/) - [combatants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/combatants/) - [communication gap](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/communication-gap/) - [complex system theory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/complex-system-theory/) - [conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict/) - [conflict affected countries](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-affected-countries/) - [conflict affected settings](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-affected-settings/) - [conflict escalation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-escalation/) - [conflict intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-intervention/) - [conflict management](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-management/) - [conflict narratives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-narratives/) - [conflict onset](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-onset/) - [conflict prevention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-prevention/) - [conflict recurrence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-recurrence/) - [conflict resolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-resolution/) - [conflict termination](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-termination/) - [conflict transformatiom](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-transformatiom/) - [conflict transformation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-transformation/) - [conflict zone](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-zone/) - [Congo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/congo/) - [Congress](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/congress/) - [contact theory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/contact-theory/) - [cooperation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cooperation/) - [corruption](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/corruption/) - [cost of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cost-of-war/) - [costs of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/costs-of-war/) - [countering violent extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/countering-violent-extremism/) - [counterterrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/counterterrorism/) - [critical feminist security studies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/critical-feminist-security-studies/) - [critical reflection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/critical-reflection/) - [cross-cultural interactions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cross-cultural-interactions/) - [culture](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/culture/) - [Cure Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cure-violence/) - [CVE](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cve/) - [data collection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/data-collection/) - [DDR](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ddr/) - [de-escalation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/de-escalation/) - [de-radicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/de-radicalization/) - [decapitation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/decapitation/) - [deeds of commitment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/deeds-of-commitment/) - [defense](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/defense/) - [defense spending](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/defense-spending/) - [deforestation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/deforestation/) - [dehumanization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/dehumanization/) - [dehumannization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/dehumannization/) - [demilitarization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/demilitarization/) - [demilitarizing security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/demilitarizing-security/) - [democracy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/democracy/) - [democratic institutions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/democratic-institutions/) - [democratic peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/democratic-peace/) - [Democratic Republic of Congo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/democratic-republic-of-congo/) - [democratization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/democratization/) - [deradicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/deradicalization-2/) - [desobediencia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/desobediencia/) - [development](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/development/) - [dialogue](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/dialogue/) - [diaspora](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/diaspora/) - [discourse](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/discourse/) - [disengagement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/disengagement/) - [disillusionment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/disillusionment/) - [disobedience](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/disobedience/) - [disobedient peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/disobedient-peace/) - [diversion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/diversion/) - [diversionary conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/diversionary-conflict/) - [diversionary foreign policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/diversionary-foreign-policy/) - [diversity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/diversity/) - [domestic terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/domestic-terrorism/) - [DPRK](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/dprk/) - [drone strikes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/drone-strikes/) - [drones](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/drones/) - [economic development](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/economic-development/) - [economic sanctions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/economic-sanctions/) - [economy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/economy/) - [Education](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/education/) - [elections](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/elections/) - [empire](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/empire/) - [encounter organization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/encounter-organization/) - [encounter programs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/encounter-programs/) - [environment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/environment/) - [environmental cooperation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/environmental-cooperation/) - [environmental peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/environmental-peacebuilding/) - [environmental security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/environmental-security/) - [escalation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/escalation/) - [ethics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethics/) - [ethnic conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethnic-conflict/) - [ethnic groups](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethnic-groups/) - [ethnic violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethnic-violence/) - [ethnicity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethnicity/) - [ethnography](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ethnography/) - [EU](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/eu/) - [European Union](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/european-union/) - [Everyday peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/everyday-peace/) - [everyday violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/everyday-violence/) - [ex-combatants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ex-combatants/) - [experiential learning activities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/experiential-learning-activities/) - [external support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/external-support/) - [Extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/extremism/) - [Facebook](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/facebook/) - [far right terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/far-right-terrorism/) - [FARC](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/farc/) - [fascism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/fascism/) - [female](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/female/) - [female representation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/female-representation/) - [feminism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/feminism/) - [First Nations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/first-nations/) - [forced displacement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/forced-displacement/) - [foreign aid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/foreign-aid/) - [foreign assistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/foreign-assistance/) - [friction](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/friction/) - [futures visioning](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/futures-visioning/) - [Gaza](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gaza/) - [gender](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender/) - [gender dynamics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender-dynamics/) - [gender equality](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender-equality/) - [gender inequality](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender-inequality/) - [gender mainstreaming](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender-mainstreaming/) - [gender stereotypes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gender-stereotypes/) - [Geneva Call](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/geneva-call/) - [Geneva Conventions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/geneva-conventions/) - [Georgia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/georgia/) - [Ghana](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ghana/) - [global citizenship](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-citizenship/) - [global civil society](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-civil-society/) - [global complexity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-complexity/) - [global conflict system](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-conflict-system/) - [Global Fragility Act](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-fragility-act/) - [global war on terror](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-war-on-terror/) - [Global War on Terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/global-war-on-terrorism/) - [globalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/globalization/) - [governance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/governance/) - [government expenditures](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/government-expenditures/) - [government representation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/government-representation/) - [grievances](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/grievances/) - [GWOT](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/gwot/) - [hate](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/hate-2/) - [hate speech](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/hate-speech/) - [hierachy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/hierachy/) - [historical analysis](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/historical-analysis/) - [homophobia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/homophobia/) - [honor](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/honor/) - [host communities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/host-communities/) - [House of Representatives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/house-of-representatives/) - [human costs of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/human-costs-of-war/) - [human experience of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/human-experience-of-war/) - [human needs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/human-needs/) - [human rights](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/human-rights/) - [human security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/human-security/) - [humanitarian aid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/humanitarian-aid/) - [humanitarian intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/humanitarian-intervention/) - [humanitarianism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/humanitarianism/) - [humor](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/humor/) - [ICC](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/icc/) - [identity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/identity/) - [identity-based violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/identity-based-violence/) - [IDPs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/idps/) - [immigrants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/immigrants/) - [immigration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/immigration/) - [imperialism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/imperialism/) - [inclusion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/inclusion/) - [inclusive peace processes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/inclusive-peace-processes/) - [inclusivity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/inclusivity/) - [indigenous](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/indigenous/) - [Indigenous rights](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/indigenous-rights/) - [inequality](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/inequality/) - [inhumane social orders](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/inhumane-social-orders/) - [insecurity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/insecurity/) - [insurgency](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/insurgency/) - [intergroup conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/intergroup-conflict/) - [internal armed conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/internal-armed-conflict/) - [International Criminal Court](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-criminal-court/) - [international intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-intervention/) - [international law](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-law/) - [international negotiation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-negotiation/) - [international organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-organizations/) - [international peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-peacebuilding/) - [international relations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-relations/) - [international treaties/conventions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/international-treaties-conventions/) - [interventions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/interventions/) - [investment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/investment/) - [Iran](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/iran/) - [Iraq](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/iraq/) - [ISIS](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/isis/) - [Israel](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/israel/) - [Israel-Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/israel-palestine/) - [Israel/Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/israelpalestine/) - [Jordan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/jordan/) - [Kenya](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/kenya/) - [knowledge](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/knowledge/) - [knowledge production](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/knowledge-production/) - [knowledge transfer](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/knowledge-transfer/) - [Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/korea/) - [Korean Peninsula](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/korean-peninsula/) - [Kosovo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/kosovo/) - [Lake Chad](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/lake-chad/) - [landmines](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/landmines/) - [lasting peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/lasting-peace/) - [Latinas](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/latinas/) - [leadership](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/leadership/) - [Lebanon](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/lebanon/) - [liberal](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/liberal/) - [liberal democracies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/liberal-democracies/) - [liberal peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/liberal-peacebuilding/) - [liberalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/liberalism/) - [Liberia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/liberia/) - [Libya](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/libya/) - [life-opportunities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/life-opportunities/) - [list experiment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/list-experiment/) - [lived experience of war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/lived-experience-of-war/) - [Local](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/local/) - [local context](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/local-context/) - [local peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/local-peacebuilding/) - [local/international relationship-building](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/local-international-relationship-building/) - [LTTE](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ltte/) - [Mali](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mali/) - [manufacturing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/manufacturing/) - [masculinities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/masculinities/) - [masculinity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/masculinity/) - [mass atrocities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mass-atrocities/) - [mass incarceration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mass-incarceration/) - [mass killings](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mass-killings/) - [media](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/media/) - [media ethics](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/media-ethics/) - [media framing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/media-framing/) - [mediation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mediation/) - [mediation techniques](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mediation-techniques/) - [messaging](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/messaging/) - [meta analysis](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/meta-analysis/) - [Mexico](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/mexico/) - [migrants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/migrants/) - [migration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/migration/) - [miliarism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/miliarism/) - [militant groups](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/militant-groups/) - [militarization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/militarization/) - [militarized masculinity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/militarized-masculinity/) - [military](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military/) - [military action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-action/) - [military aid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-aid/) - [military base](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-base/) - [military budget](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-budget/) - [military checkpoints](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-checkpoints/) - [military coup](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-coup/) - [military exercises](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-exercises/) - [military expenditures](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-expenditures/) - [Military Gender Advisors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-gender-advisors/) - [military industrial complex](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-industrial-complex/) - [military intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-intervention/) - [military spending](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-spending/) - [Military Support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-support/) - [military victory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-victory/) - [MINUSMA](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/minusma/) - [modernization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/modernization/) - [movement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/movement/) - [multicultural ethos](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/multicultural-ethos/) - [Muslim communities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/muslim-communities/) - [Myanmar](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/myanmar/) - [naming and shaming campaigns](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/naming-and-shaming-campaigns/) - [narratives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/narratives/) - [National Action Plans](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-action-plans/) - [national dialogue](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-dialogue/) - [national identity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-identity/) - [national peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-peacebuilding/) - [national reconciliation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-reconciliation/) - [national security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-security/) - [national security neglect](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-security-neglect/) - [national-level elits](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-level-elits/) - [nationalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nationalism/) - [Native Americans](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/native-americans/) - [NATO](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nato/) - [natural disasters](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/natural-disasters/) - [negotiation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/negotiation/) - [Negotiations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/negotiations/) - [neo-patrimonialism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/neo-patrimonialism/) - [neoliberal economic order](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/neoliberal-economic-order/) - [Nepal](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nepal/) - [neurobioloogy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/neurobioloogy/) - [news](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/news/) - [Nigeria](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nigeria/) - [no war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/no-war/) - [non-state actors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/non-state-actors/) - [nonproliferation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonproliferation/) - [nonviolent action](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-action/) - [nonviolent discipline](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-discipline/) - [nonviolent protest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-protest/) - [nonviolent resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-resistance/) - [nonviolent struggle](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-struggle/) - [nonviolent/civil resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonviolent-civil-resistance/) - [North Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/north-korea/) - [Northern Ireland](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/northern-ireland/) - [noviolencia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/noviolencia/) - [nuclear](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nuclear/) - [nuclear nonuse](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nuclear-nonuse/) - [nuclear nonuse tradition](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nuclear-nonuse-tradition/) - [nuclear taboo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nuclear-taboo/) - [OECD](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/oecd/) - [oil](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/oil/) - [oil wars](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/oil-wars/) - [online activity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/online-activity/) - [oral histories](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/oral-histories/) - [ordenes sociales inhumanos](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ordenes-sociales-inhumanos/) - [organized labor](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/organized-labor/) - [Orientalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/orientalism/) - [OSCE](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/osce/) - [otherness](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/otherness/) - [Palestine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/palestine/) - [Pan-African Parliament](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/pan-african-parliament/) - [Paris Agreement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/paris-agreement/) - [patriarchy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/patriarchy/) - [paz desobediente](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/paz-desobediente/) - [paz sostenible](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/paz-sostenible/) - [peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace/) - [peace agreement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-agreement/) - [peace agreements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-agreements/) - [peace communities](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-communities/) - [peace journalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-journalism/) - [peace movements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-movements/) - [Peace Ne](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-ne/) - [peace negotiation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-negotiation/) - [peace negotiations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-negotiations/) - [peace process](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-process/) - [peace processes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-processes/) - [peace research](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-research/) - [peace summit](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-summit/) - [peace system](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-system/) - [peace talks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-talks/) - [peace treaty](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-treaty/) - [peacebuidling](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacebuidling/) - [peacebuilding policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacebuilding-policy/) - [peacebuildinig](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacebuildinig/) - [peaceful societies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peaceful-societies/) - [peacekeeper](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacekeeper/) - [peacekeepers](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacekeepers/) - [peacekeeping](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacekeeping/) - [peacemaking](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peacemaking/) - [pedagogy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/pedagogy/) - [perspective-taking](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/perspective-taking/) - [philanthropy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/philanthropy/) - [phones](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/phones/) - [photography](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/photography/) - [PMSCs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/pmscs/) - [podcasts](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/podcasts/) - [Poland](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/poland/) - [police](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/police/) - [police violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/police-violence/) - [policing](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/policing/) - [policy implementation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/policy-implementation/) - [political inclusion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/political-inclusion/) - [politicide](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/politicide/) - [popular resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/popular-resistance/) - [populism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/populism/) - [positive peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/positive-peace/) - [post war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/post-war-2/) - [post-conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/post-conflict/) - [post-war](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/post-war/) - [power](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/power/) - [precarity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/precarity/) - [prejudices](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/prejudices/) - [preventive diplomacy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/preventive-diplomacy/) - [prisons](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/prisons/) - [private military security companies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/private-military-security-companies/) - [private sector](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/private-sector/) - [privilege](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/privilege/) - [prohibition](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/prohibition/) - [Project Emancipation Now](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/project-emancipation-now/) - [propaganda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/propaganda/) - [protest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/protest/) - [protest movements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/protest-movements/) - [protests](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/protests/) - [provocation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/provocation/) - [provocations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/provocations/) - [public health](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/public-health/) - [public opinion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/public-opinion/) - [public support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/public-support/) - [pull factors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/pull-factors/) - [push factors](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/push-factors/) - [quality of life](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/quality-of-life/) - [R2P](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/r2p/) - [race](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/race/) - [radiation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/radiation/) - [radical pragmatism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/radical-pragmatism/) - [radicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/radicalization-2/) - [rebellion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rebellion/) - [rebels](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rebels/) - [reconciliation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/reconciliation/) - [recruitment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/recruitment/) - [reforestation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/reforestation/) - [refugee resettlement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/refugee-resettlement/) - [refugees](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/refugees/) - [regional parliaments](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/regional-parliaments/) - [reintegration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/reintegration/) - [relationship-building](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/relationship-building/) - [religion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/religion/) - [religious freedom](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/religious-freedom/) - [religious peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/religious-peacebuilding/) - [religious radicalization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/religious-radicalization/) - [remittances](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/remittances/) - [reparations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/reparations/) - [repression](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/repression/) - [reputation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/reputation/) - [research](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/research/) - [research methodology](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/research-methodology/) - [resist](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resist/) - [resistance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resistance/) - [resistencia civil noviolenta](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resistencia-civil-noviolenta/) - [Resolution 2250](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resolution-2250/) - [resource conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resource-conflict/) - [resource curse](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resource-curse/) - [resource management](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resource-management/) - [responsibility to prevent](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/responsibility-to-prevent/) - [Responsibility to Protect](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/responsibility-to-protect/) - [right-wing terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/right-wing-terrorism/) - [riots](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/riots/) - [rivalry](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rivalry/) - [Russia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/russia/) - [Rwanda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rwanda/) - [sanctions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sanctions/) - [Saudi Arabia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/saudi-arabia/) - [scapegoating](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/scapegoating/) - [school](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/school/) - [securitization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/securitization/) - [Security Council](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/security-council/) - [security force defection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/security-force-defection/) - [security forces](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/security-forces/) - [security policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/security-policy/) - [security sector](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/security-sector/) - [segregation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/segregation/) - [self-determination](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/self-determination/) - [separation barrier](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/separation-barrier/) - [sexism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sexism/) - [Sexual Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sexual-violence/) - [Sierra Leone](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sierra-leone/) - [sistema de paz](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sistema-de-paz/) - [situational awareness](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/situational-awareness/) - [social capital](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-capital/) - [Social Change](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-change/) - [social cohesion](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-cohesion/) - [social impact](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-impact/) - [social media](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-media/) - [social movements](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-movements/) - [social networks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-networks/) - [social psychology](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/social-psychology/) - [sociedades pacificas](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sociedades-pacificas/) - [solidarity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/solidarity/) - [South Africa](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/south-africa/) - [South Korea](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/south-korea/) - [South Sudan](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/south-sudan/) - [Spain](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/spain/) - [special issue](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/special-issue/) - [speeches](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/speeches/) - [Sri Lanka](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sri-lanka/) - [SSR](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ssr/) - [state violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/state-violence/) - [stereotypes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/stereotypes/) - [structural violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/structural-violence/) - [sub-Saharan Africa](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sub-saharan-africa/) - [summit](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/summit/) - [sustainable development](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sustainable-development/) - [sustainable peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sustainable-peace/) - [symbolic violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/symbolic-violence/) - [Syria](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/syria/) - [Syrian uprising](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/syrian-uprising/) - [tactical choices](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/tactical-choices/) - [Taliban](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/taliban/) - [technology](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/technology/) - [technology and conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/technology-and-conflict/) - [technology in classrooms](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/technology-in-classrooms/) - [terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/terrorism/) - [terrorist disengagement](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/terrorist-disengagement/) - [tests](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/tests/) - [textbooks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/textbooks/) - [third-party intervention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/third-party-intervention/) - [threats](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/threats/) - [Timor Leste](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/timor-leste/) - [top down peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/top-down-peacebuilding/) - [trade unions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/trade-unions/) - [traditional conflict resolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/traditional-conflict-resolution/) - [traditional governance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/traditional-governance/) - [trans-scalar global peace system](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/trans-scalar-global-peace-system/) - [transitional justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/transitional-justice/) - [transnational terrorism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/transnational-terrorism/) - [treaty](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/treaty/) - [treaty rights](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/treaty-rights/) - [triggers](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/triggers/) - [Troop Deployment](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/troop-deployment/) - [troops](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/troops/) - [Trump](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/trump/) - [Tunisia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/tunisia/) - [Turkey](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/turkey/) - [Tuzla](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/tuzla/) - [Twitter](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/twitter/) - [U.S military](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/u-s-military-2/) - [U.S. Congress](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/u-s-congress/) - [U.S. foreign policy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/u-s-foreign-policy/) - [U.S. House of Representatives](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/u-s-house-of-representatives/) - [Uganda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/uganda/) - [Ukraine](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ukraine/) - [UN](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/un/) - [UN missions](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/un-missions/) - [UN peacekeeping](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/un-peacekeeping/) - [unarmed civilian peacekeeping](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unarmed-civilian-peacekeeping/) - [Unarmed civilian peacekeeping (UCP)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unarmed-civilian-peacekeeping-ucp/) - [unarmed civilian protection](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unarmed-civilian-protection/) - [uncivil society](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/uncivil-society/) - [undocumented migrants](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/undocumented-migrants/) - [United Kingdom](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/united-kingdom/) - [United Nations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/united-nations/) - [United States](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/united-states/) - [UNMISS](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unmiss/) - [UNSCR 1325](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/unscr-1325/) - [us vs. them](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/us-vs-them/) - [USA](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/usa/) - [violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violence/) - [violence against civilians](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violence-against-civilians/) - [violence against women](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violence-against-women/) - [violence prevention](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violence-prevention/) - [violent conflict](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violent-conflict/) - [violent extermism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violent-extermism/) - [violent extremism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violent-extremism/) - [violent flanks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violent-flanks/) - [violent repression](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/violent-repression/) - [vote](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/vote/) - [war crimes](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-crimes/) - [war finance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-finance/) - [war games](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-games/) - [war on terror](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-on-terror/) - [war opposition](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-opposition/) - [war support](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-support/) - [war tax](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-tax/) - [water scarcity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/water-scarcity/) - [weapons imports](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/weapons-imports/) - [weapons sales](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/weapons-sales/) - [weapons treaty](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/weapons-treaty/) - [West Africa](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/west-africa/) - [Whole-of-Society peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/whole-of-society-peacebuilding/) - [willingness to fight](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/willingness-to-fight/) - [women](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/women/) - [women in government](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/women-in-government/) - [women in the U.S. military](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/women-in-the-u-s-military/) - [Women Peace and Security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/women-peace-and-security/) - [Women Peace and Security agenda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/women-peace-and-security-agenda/) - [women's rights](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/womens-rights/) - [work](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/work/) - [WPS agenda](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/wps-agenda/) - [year in review](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/year-in-review/) - [Yemen](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/yemen/) - [youth](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/youth/) - [youth organizations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/youth-organizations/) - [youth peacebuilding](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/youth-peacebuilding/) - [Yugoslavia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/yugoslavia/) - [zones of peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/zones-of-peace/) - [feminist ethics of care](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/feminist-ethics-of-care/) - [Sweden](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sweden/) - [Managing Conflicts Without Violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/managing-conflicts-without-violence/) - [healthcare](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/healthcare/) - [childhood health](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/childhood-health/) - [cyberwar](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cyberwar/) - [cyber security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cyber-security/) - [indigenous peoples](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/indigenous-peoples/) - [counterinsurgency](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/counterinsurgency/) - [Cluster bombs](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cluster-bombs/) - [military heritage](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-heritage/) - [rugby](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rugby/) - [sport](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/sport/) - [soccer](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/soccer/) - [football](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/football/) - [everyday security](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/everyday-security/) - [conflict dissolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-dissolution/) - [nonresolution](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nonresolution/) - [functional coexistence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/functional-coexistence/) - [military-industrial-congressional complex](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-industrial-congressional-complex/) - [Europe](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/europe/) - [galtung](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/galtung/) - [negative peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/negative-peace/) - [cultural violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/cultural-violence/) - [peace studies](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peace-studies/) - [conflict de-escalation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-de-escalation/) - [whitness](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/whitness/) - [islamophobia](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/islamophobia/) - [military commemoration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/military-commemoration/) - [museums](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/museums/) - [Donbas](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/donbas/) - [Luhansk](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/luhansk/) - [Donetsk](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/donetsk/) - [Timor-Leste](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/timor-leste-2/) - [Indigenous knowledge](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/indigenous-knowledge/) - [conservation justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conservation-justice/) - [conservation violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conservation-violence/) - [settler-colonialism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/settler-colonialism/) - [fortress conservation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/fortress-conservation/) - [Indigenous peoples/nations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/indigenous-peoples-nations/) - [land back](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/land-back/) - [national parks](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/national-parks/) - [protected areas](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/protected-areas/) - [imperfect peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/imperfect-peace/) - [water](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/water/) - [Pacific Northwest](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/pacific-northwest/) - [Tribal nations](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/tribal-nations/) - [Nez Perce](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/nez-perce/) - [decolonization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/decolonization/) - [interview](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/interview/) - [racial violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/racial-violence/) - [racial justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/racial-justice/) - [truth commission](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/truth-commission/) - [transtional justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/transtional-justice/) - [authoritarianism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/authoritarianism/) - [victory](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/victory/) - [wartime](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/wartime/) - [rituals](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/rituals/) - [commemoration](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/commemoration/) - [Arms Embargo](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/arms-embargo/) - [election violence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/election-violence/) - [essays](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/essays/) - [independence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/independence/) - [BDS](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/bds/) - [middle east](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/middle-east/) - [genocide](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/genocide/) - [peaceful elections](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/peaceful-elections/) - [Voting](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/voting/) - [capitalism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/capitalism/) - [Far right](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/far-right/) - [campaign finance](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/campaign-finance/) - [influence](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/influence/) - [money](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/money/) - [polarization](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/polarization/) - [voters](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/voters/) - [webinar](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/webinar/) - [decolonial](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/decolonial/) - [U.S.](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/u-s/) - [agonisitc peace](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/agonisitc-peace/) - [development aid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/development-aid/) - [triple-nexus framework](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/triple-nexus-framework/) - [resilience](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/resilience/) - [conflict sensitivity](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/conflict-sensitivity/) - [USAID](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/usaid/) - [War Powers Act](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/war-powers-act/) - [temporal](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/temporal/) - [The Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/the-authorization-for-use-of-military-force-aumf/) - [West Bank](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/west-bank/) - [Occupation](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/occupation/) - [Apartheid](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/apartheid/) - [borders](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/borders/) - [ICE](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/ice/) - [colonialism](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/colonialism/) - [climate justice](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/climate-justice/) - [energy](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/energy/) - [election](https://warpreventioninitiative.org/tag/election/)